helpCore: Description of parameters.

helpCoreR Documentation

Description of parameters.

Description

The behavior of CORElearn is controlled by several parameters. This is a short overview.

Details

There are many different parameters available. Some are general and can be used in many learning, or feature evaluation algorithms. All the values actually used by the classifier / regressor can be written to file (or read from it) using paramCoreIO. The parameters for the methods are split into several groups and documented below.

Attribute/feature evaluation

The parameters in this group may be used inside model construction via CoreModel and feature evaluation in attrEval. See attrEval for description of relevant evaluation methods.

Parameters attrEvaluationInstances, binaryEvaluation,
binarySplitNumericAttributes are applicable to all attribute evaluation methods. In models which need feature evaluation (e.g., trees, random forests) they affect the selection of splits in the nodes. Other parameters may be used only in context sensitive measures, i.e., ReliefF in classification and RReliefF in regression and their variants.

binaryEvaluation

type: logical, default value: FALSE
Shall we treat all attributes as binary and binarize them before evaluation if necessary. If TRUE, then for all multivalued discrete and all numeric features a search for the best binarization is performed. The evaluation of the best binarization found is reported. If FALSE, then multivalued discrete features are evaluated "as is" with multivalued versions of estimators. With ReliefF-type measures, numeric features are also evaluated "as is". For evaluation of numeric features with other (non-ReliefF-type) measures, they are first binarized or discretized. The choice between binarization and discretization is controlled by binaryEvaluateNumericAttributes. Due to performance reasons it is recommended that binaryEvaluation=FALSE is used. See also discretizationSample.

binaryEvaluateNumericAttributes

type: logical, default value: TRUE
ReliefF like measures can evaluate numeric attributes intrinsically, others have to discretize or binarize them before evaluation; for those measures this parameter selects binarization (default) or discretization (computationally more demanding).

multiclassEvaluation

type: integer, default value: 1, value range: 1, 4
multi-class extension for two-class-only evaluation measures (1-average of all-pairs, 2-best of all-pairs, 3-average of one-against-all, 4-best of one-against-all).

attrEvaluationInstances

type: integer, default value: 0, value range: 0, Inf
number of instances for attribute evaluation (0=all available).

minNodeWeightEst

type: numeric, default value: 2, value range: 0, Inf
minimal number of instances (weight) in resulting split to take it in consideration.

ReliefIterations

type: integer, default value: 0, value range: -2, Inf
number of iterations for all variants of Relief (0=DataSize, -1=ln(DataSize) -2=sqrt(DataSize)).

numAttrProportionEqual

type: numeric, default value: 0.04, value range: 0, 1
used in ramp function, proportion of numerical attribute's range to consider two values equal.

numAttrProportionDifferent

type: numeric, default value: 0.1, value range: 0, 1
used in ramp function, proportion of numerical attribute's range to consider two values different.

kNearestEqual

type: integer, default value: 10, value range: 0, Inf
number of neighbors to consider in equal k-nearest attribute evaluation.

kNearestExpRank

type: integer, default value: 70, value range: 0, Inf
number of neighbors to consider in exponential rank distance attribute evaluation.

quotientExpRankDistance

type: numeric, default value: 20, value range: 0, Inf
quotient in exponential rank distance attribute evaluation.

Decision/regression tree construction

There are several parameters controlling a construction of the tree model. Some are described here, but also attribute evaluation, stop building, model, constructive induction, discretization, and pruning options described in this document are applicable. Splits in trees are always binary, however, the option binaryEvaluation has influence on the feature selection for the split. Namely, selecting the best feature for the split is done with the given value of binaryEvaluation. If binaryEvaluation=FALSE, the features are first evaluated and the best one is finally binarized. If binaryEvaluation=TRUE, the features are binarized before selection. In this case, a search for the best binarization for all considered features is performed and the best binarizations found are used for splits. The latter option is computationally more intensive, but typically does not produce better trees.

selectionEstimator

type: character, default value: "MDL", possible values: all from attrEval, section classification
estimator for selection of attributes and binarization in classification.

selectionEstimatorReg

type: character, default value: "RReliefFexpRank", possible values: all from attrEval, section regression
estimator for selection of attributes and binarization in regression.

minReliefEstimate

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: -1, 1
for all variants of Relief attribute estimator: the minimal evaluation of attribute to consider the attribute useful in further processing.

minInstanceWeight

type: numeric, default value: 0.05, value range: 0, 1
minimal weight of an instance to use it further in splitting.

Stop tree building

During tree construction the node is recursively split, until certain condition is fulfilled.

minNodeWeightTree

type: numeric, default value: 5, value range: 0, Inf
minimal number of instances (weight) of a leaf in the decision or regression tree model.

minNodeWeightRF

type: numeric, default value: 2, value range: 0, Inf
minimal number of instances (weight) of a leaf in the random forest tree.

relMinNodeWeight

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: 0, 1
minimal proportion of training instances in a tree node to split it further.

majorClassProportion

type: numeric, default value: 1, value range: 0, 1
proportion of majority class in a classification tree node to stop splitting it.

rootStdDevProportion

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: 0, 1
proportion of root's standard deviation in a regression tree node to stop splitting it.

Models in the tree leaves

In leaves of the tree model there can be various prediction models controlling prediction. For example instead of classification with majority of class values one can use naive Bayes in classification, or a linear model in regression, thereby expanding expressive power of the tree model.

modelType

type: integer, default value: 1, value range: 1, 4
type of models used in classification tree leaves (1=majority class, 2=k-nearest neighbors, 3=k-nearest neighbors with kernel, 4=naive Bayes).

modelTypeReg

type: integer, default value: 5, value range: 1, 8
type of models used in regression tree leaves (1=mean predicted value, 2=median predicted value, 3=linear by MSE, 4=linear by MDL, 5=linear reduced as in M5, 6=kNN, 7=Gaussian kernel regression, 8=locally weighted linear regression).

kInNN

type: integer, default value: 10, value range: 0, Inf
number of neighbors in k-nearest neighbors models (0=all).

nnKernelWidth

type: numeric, default value: 2, value range: 0, Inf
kernel width in k-nearest neighbors models.

bayesDiscretization

type: integer, default value: 2, value range: 1, 3
type of discretization for naive Bayesian models (1=greedy with selection estimator, 2=equal frequency, 3=equal width).

discretizationIntervals

type: integer, default value: 4, value range: 1, Inf
number of intervals in equal frequency or equal width discretizations.

Constructive induction aka. feature construction

The expressive power of tree models can be increased by incorporating additional types of splits. Operator based constructive induction is implemented in both classification and regression. The best construct is searched with beam search. At each step new constructs are evaluated with selected feature evaluation measure. With different types of operators one can control expressions in the interior tree nodes.

constructionMode

type: integer, default value: 15, value range: 1, 15
sum of constructive operators (1=single attributes, 2=conjunction, 4=addition, 8=multiplication); all=1+2+4+8=15

constructionDepth

type: integer, default value: 0, value range: 0, Inf
maximal depth of the tree for constructive induction (0=do not do construction, 1=only at root, ...).

noCachedInNode

type: integer, default value: 5, value range: 0, Inf
number of cached attributes in each node where construction was performed.

constructionEstimator

type: character, default value: "MDL", possible values: all from attrEval, section classification
estimator for constructive induction in classification.

constructionEstimatorReg

type: character, default value: "RReliefFexpRank", possible values: all from attrEval, section regression
estimator for constructive induction in regression.

beamSize

type: integer, default value: 20, value range: 1, Inf
size of the beam in search for best feature in constructive induction.

maxConstructSize

type: integer, default value: 3, value range: 1, Inf
maximal size of constructs in constructive induction.

Attribute discretization and binarization

Some algorithms cannot deal with numeric attributes directly, so we have to discretize them. Also the tree models use binary splits in nodes. The discretization algorithm evaluates split candidates and forms intervals of values. Note that setting discretizationSample=1 will force random selection of splitting point, which will speed-up the algorithm and may be perfectly acceptable for random forest ensembles.

CORElearn builds binary trees so multivalued discrete attributes have to be binarized i.e., values have to be split into twoa subset, one going left and the other going right in a node. The method used depends on the parameters and the number of attribute values. Possible methods are exhaustive (if the number of attribute values is less or equal maxValues4Exhaustive), greedy ((if the number of attribute values is less or equal maxValues4Greedy) and random ((if the number of attribute values is more than maxValues4Exhaustive). Setting maxValues4Greedy=2 will always randomly selet splitting point.

discretizationLookahead

type: integer, default value: 3, value range: 0, Inf
Discretization is performed with a greedy algorithm which adds a new boundary, until there is no improvement in evaluation function for discretizationLookahead number of times (0=try all possibilities). Candidate boundaries are chosen from a random sample of boundaries, whose size is discretizationSample.

discretizationSample

type: integer, default value: 50, value range: 0, Inf
Maximal number of points to try discretization (0=all sensible). For ReliefF-type measures, binarization of numeric features is performed with discretizationSample randomly chosen splits. For other measures, the split is searched among all possible splits.

maxValues4Exhaustive

type: integer, default value: 7, value range: 2, Inf
Maximal number of values of a discrete attribute to try finding split exhaustively. If the attribute has more values the split will be searched greedily or selected ranomly based on the value of parameter maxValues4Greedy.

maxValues4Greedy

type: integer, default value: 30, value range: 2, Inf
Maximal number of values of a discrete attribute to try finding split greedily. If the attribute has more values the split will be selected ranomly. Setting this parameter to 2 will force random but balanced selection of splits which may be acceptable for random forest ensembles and will greatly speed-up tree construction.

Tree pruning

After the tree is constructed, to reduce noise it is beneficial to prune it.

selectedPruner

type: integer, default value: 1, value range: 0, 1
decision tree pruning method used (0=none, 1=with m-estimate).

selectedPrunerReg

type: integer, default value: 2, value range: 0, 4
regression tree pruning method used (0=none, 1=MDL, 2=with m-estimate, 3=as in M5, 4=error complexity as in CART (fixed alpha)).

mdlModelPrecision

type: numeric, default value: 0.1, value range: 0, Inf
precision of model coefficients in MDL tree pruning.

mdlErrorPrecision

type: numeric, default value: 0.01, value range: 0, Inf
precision of errors in MDL tree pruning.

mEstPruning

type: numeric, default value: 2, value range: 0, Inf
m-estimate for pruning with m-estimate.

alphaErrorComplexity

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: 0, Inf
alpha for error complexity pruning.

Prediction

For some models (decision trees, random forests, naive Bayes, and regression trees) one can smoothe the output predictions. In classification models output probabilities are smoothed and in case of regression prediction value is smoothed.

smoothingType

type: integer, default value: 0, value range: 0, 4
default value 0 means no smoothing (in case classification one gets relative frequencies), value 1 stands for additive smoothing, 2 is pure Laplace's smoothing, 3 is m-estimate smoothing, and 4 means Zadrozny-Elkan type of m-estimate smoothing where smoothingValue is interpreted as m * Pc and Pc is the prior probability of the least probable class value; for regression smoothingType has no effect, as the smoothing is controlled solely by smoothingValue.

smoothingValue

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: 0, Inf
additional parameter for some sorts of smoothing; in classification it is needed for additive, m-estimate, and Zadrozny-Elkan type of smoothing; in case of regression trees 0 means no smoothing and values larger than 0 change prediction value towards the prediction of the models in ascendant nodes.

Random forests

Random forest is quite complex model, whose construction one can control with several parameters. Momentarily only classification version of the algorithm is implemented. Besides parameters in this section one can apply majority of parameters for control of decision trees (except constructive induction and tree pruning).

rfNoTrees

type: integer, default value: 100, value range: 1, Inf
number of trees in the random forest.

rfNoSelAttr

type: integer, default value: 0, value range: -2, Inf
number of randomly selected attributes in the node (0=sqrt(numOfAttr), -1=log2(numOfAttr)+1, -2=all).

rfMultipleEst

type: logical, default value: FALSE
use multiple attribute estimators in the forest? If TRUE the algorithm uses some preselected attribute evaluation measures on different trees.

rfkNearestEqual

type: integer, default value: 30, value range: 0, Inf
number of nearest intances for weighted random forest classification (0=no weighing).

rfPropWeightedTrees

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: 0, 1
Proportion of trees where attribute probabilities are weighted with their quality. As attribute weighting might reduce the variance between the models, the default value switches the weighing off.

rfPredictClass

type: logical, default value: FALSE
shall individual trees predict with majority class (otherwise with class distribution).

General tree ensembles

In the same manner as random forests more general tree ensembles can be constructed. Additional options control sampling, tree size and regularization.

rfSampleProp

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: 0, 1
proportion of the training set to be used in learning (0=bootstrap replication).

rfNoTerminals

type: integer, default value: 0, value range: 0, Inf
maximal number of leaves in each tree (0=build the whole tree).

rfRegType

type: integer, default value: 2, value range: 0, 2
type of regularization (0=no regularization, 1=global regularization, 2=local regularization).

rfRegLambda

type: numeric, default value: 0, value range: 0, Inf
regularization parameter lambda (0=no regularization).

Read data directly from files

In case of very large data sets it is useful to bypass R and read data directly from files as the standalone learning system CORElearn does. Supported file formats are C4.5, M5, and native format of CORElearn. See documentation at http://lkm.fri.uni-lj.si/rmarko/software/.

domainName

type: character,
name of a problem to read from files with suffixes .dsc, .dat, .names, .data, .cm, and .costs

dataDirectory

type: character,
folder where data files are stored.

NAstring

type: character, default value: "?"
character string which represents missing and NA values in the data files.

Miscellaneous

maxThreads

type: integer, default value: 0, value range: 0, Inf
maximal number of active threads (0=allow OpenMP to set its defaults).
As side effect, this parameter changes the number of active threads in all subsequent execution (till maxThreads is set again).

Author(s)

Marko Robnik-Sikonja, Petr Savicky

References

B. Zadrozny, C. Elkan. Learning and making decisions when costs and probabilities are both unknown. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2001.

See Also

CORElearn, CoreModel, predict.CoreModel, attrEval, ordEval, paramCoreIO.


CORElearn documentation built on Nov. 18, 2022, 5:08 p.m.