lm.sdf: EdSurvey Linear Models

View source: R/lm.sdf.R

lm.sdfR Documentation

EdSurvey Linear Models

Description

Fits a linear model that uses weights and variance estimates appropriate for the data.

Usage

lm.sdf(formula, data, weightVar = NULL, relevels = list(),
              varMethod = c("jackknife", "Taylor"), jrrIMax = 1,
              dropOmittedLevels = TRUE, defaultConditions = TRUE, recode = NULL,
              returnVarEstInputs = FALSE, returnNumberOfPSU = FALSE,
              standardizeWithSamplingVar = FALSE, verbose=TRUE,
              omittedLevels = deprecated())

Arguments

formula

a formula for the linear model. See lm. If y is left blank, the default subject scale or subscale variable will be used. (You can find the default using showPlausibleValues.) If y is a variable for a subject scale or subscale (one of the names shown by showPlausibleValues), then that subject scale or subscale is used.

data

an edsurvey.data.frame, a light.edsurvey.data.frame, or an edsurvey.data.frame.list

weightVar

a character indicating the weight variable to use (see Details). The weightVar must be one of the weights for the edsurvey.data.frame. If NULL, it uses the default for the edsurvey.data.frame.

relevels

a list. Used to change the contrasts from the default treatment contrasts to the treatment contrasts with a chosen omitted group (the reference group). The name of each element should be the variable name, and the value should be the group to be omitted (the reference group).

varMethod

a character set to “jackknife” or “Taylor” that indicates the variance estimation method to be used. See Details.

jrrIMax

a numeric value; when using the jackknife variance estimation method, the default estimation option, jrrIMax=1, uses the sampling variance from the first plausible value as the component for sampling variance estimation. The Vjrr term (see Statistical Methods Used in EdSurvey) can be estimated with any number of plausible values, and values larger than the number of plausible values on the survey (including Inf) will result in all plausible values being used. Higher values of jrrIMax lead to longer computing times and more accurate variance estimates.

dropOmittedLevels

a logical value. When set to the default value of TRUE, drops those levels of all factor variables that are specified in an edsurvey.data.frame. Use print on an edsurvey.data.frame to see the omitted levels.

defaultConditions

a logical value. When set to the default value of TRUE, uses the default conditions stored in an edsurvey.data.frame to subset the data. Use print on an edsurvey.data.frame to see the default conditions.

recode

a list of lists to recode variables. Defaults to NULL. Can be set as recode=list(var1 = list(from= c("a", "b", "c"), to= "d")). See Examples.

returnVarEstInputs

a logical value set to TRUE to return the inputs to the jackknife and imputation variance estimates, which allow for the computation of covariances between estimates.

returnNumberOfPSU

a logical value set to TRUE to return the number of primary sampling units (PSUs)

standardizeWithSamplingVar

a logical value indicating if the standardized coefficients should have the variance of the regressors and outcome measured with sampling variance. Defaults to FALSE.

verbose

logical; indicates whether a detailed printout should display during execution

omittedLevels

this argument is deprecated. Use dropOmittedLevels

Details

This function implements an estimator that correctly handles left-hand side variables that are either numeric or plausible values and allows for survey sampling weights and estimates variances using the jackknife replication method. The vignette titled Statistical Methods Used in EdSurvey describes estimation of the reported statistics.

Regardless of the variance estimation, the coefficients are estimated using the sample weights according to the sections “Estimation of Weighted Means When Plausible Values Are Not Present” or “Estimation of Weighted Means When Plausible Values Are Present,” depending on if there are assessment variables or variables with plausible values in them.

How the standard errors of the coefficients are estimated depends on the value of varMethod and the presence of plausible values (assessment variables), But once it is obtained, the t statistic is given by

t=\frac{\hat{\beta}}{\sqrt{\mathrm{var}(\hat{\beta})}}

where \hat{\beta} is the estimated coefficient and \mathrm{var}(\hat{\beta}) is the variance of that estimate.

The coefficient of determination (R-squared value) is similarly estimated by finding the average R-squared using the average across the plausible values.

Standardized regression coefficients

Standardized regression coefficients can be returned in a call to summary, by setting the argument src to TRUE. See Examples.

By default, the standardized coefficients are calculated using standard deviations of the variables themselves, including averaging the standard deviation across any plausible values. When standardizeWithSamplingVar is set to TRUE, the variance of the standardized coefficient is calculated similar to a regression coefficient and therefore includes the sampling variance in the variance estimate of the outcome variable.

Variance estimation of coefficients

All variance estimation methods are shown in the vignette titled Statistical Methods Used in EdSurvey. When varMethod is set to the jackknife and the predicted value does not have plausible values, the variance of the coefficients is estimated according to the section “Estimation of Standard Errors of Weighted Means When Plausible Values Are Not Present, Using the Jackknife Method.”

When plausible values are present and varMethod is jackknife, the variance of the coefficients is estimated according to the section “Estimation of Standard Errors of Weighted Means When Plausible Values Are Present, Using the Jackknife Method.”

When plausible values are not present and varMethod is Taylor, the variance of the coefficients is estimated according to the section “Estimation of Standard Errors of Weighted Means When Plausible Values Are Not Present, Using the Taylor Series Method.”

When plausible values are present and varMethod is Taylor, the variance of the coefficients is estimated according to the section “Estimation of Standard Errors of Weighted Means When Plausible Values Are Present, Using the Taylor Series Method.”

Value

An edsurvey.lm with the following elements:

call

the function call

formula

the formula used to fit the model

coef

the estimates of the coefficients

se

the standard error estimates of the coefficients

Vimp

the estimated variance from uncertainty in the scores (plausible value variables)

Vjrr

the estimated variance from sampling

M

the number of plausible values

varm

the variance estimates under the various plausible values

coefm

the values of the coefficients under the various plausible values

coefmat

the coefficient matrix (typically produced by the summary of a model)

r.squared

the coefficient of determination

weight

the name of the weight variable

npv

the number of plausible values

jrrIMax

the jrrIMax value used in computation

njk

the number of the jackknife replicates used; set to NA when Taylor series variance estimates are used

varMethod

one of Taylor series or the jackknife

residuals

residuals from the average regression coefficients

PV.residuals

residuals from the by plausible value coefficients

PV.fitted.values

fitted values from the by plausible value coefficients

B

imputation variance covariance matrix, before multiplication by (M+1)/M

U

sampling variance covariance matrix

rbar

average relative increase in variance; see van Buuren (2012, eq. 2.29)

nPSU

number of PSUs used in calculation

n0

number of rows on an edsurvey.data.frame before any conditions were applied

nUsed

number of observations with valid data and weights larger than zero

data

data used for the computation

Xstdev

standard deviations of regressors, used for computing standardized regression coefficients when standardizeWithSamplingVar is set to FALSE (the default)

varSummary

the result of running summary2 (unweighted) on each variable in the regression

varEstInputs

when returnVarEstInputs is TRUE, this element is returned. These are used for calculating covariances with varEstToCov.

standardizeWithSamplingVar

when standardizeWithSamplingVar is set to TRUE, this element is returned. Calculates the standard deviation of the standardized regression coefficients like any other variable.

Testing

Of the common hypothesis tests for joint parameter testing, only the Wald test is widely used with plausible values and sample weights. As such, it replaces, if imperfectly, the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), the likelihood ratio test, chi-squared, and analysis of variance (ANOVA, including F-tests). See waldTest or the vignette titled Methods and Overview of Using EdSurvey for Running Wald Tests.

Author(s)

Paul Bailey

References

Binder, D. A. (1983). On the variances of asymptotically normal estimators from complex surveys. International Statistical Review, 51(3), 279–292.

Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York, NY: Wiley.

van Buuren, S. (2012). Flexible imputation of missing data. New York, NY: CRC Press.

Weisberg, S. (1985). Applied linear regression (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.

See Also

lm

Examples

## Not run: 
# read in the example data (generated, not real student data)
sdf <- readNAEP(path=system.file("extdata/data", "M36NT2PM.dat", package = "NAEPprimer"))

# by default uses jackknife variance method using replicate weights
lm1 <- lm.sdf(formula=composite ~ dsex + b017451, data=sdf)
lm1

# the summary function displays detailed results
summary(lm1)

# to show standardized regression coefficients
summary(lm1, src=TRUE)

# to specify a variance method, use varMethod
lm2 <- lm.sdf(formula=composite ~ dsex + b017451, data=sdf, varMethod="Taylor")
lm2
summary(lm2)

# use relevel to set a new omitted category
lm3 <- lm.sdf(formula=composite ~ dsex + b017451, data=sdf, relevels=list(dsex="Female"))
summary(lm3)
# test of a simple joint hypothesis
waldTest(lm3, "b017451")

# use recode to change values for specified variables
lm4 <- lm.sdf(formula=composite ~ dsex + b017451, data=sdf,
              recode=list(b017451=list(from=c("Never or hardly ever",
                                              "Once every few weeks",
                                              "About once a week"),
                                       to=c("Infrequently")),
                          b017451=list(from=c("2 or 3 times a week","Every day"),
                                       to=c("Frequently"))))
# Note: "Infrequently" is the dropped level for the recoded b017451
summary(lm4)

## End(Not run)

EdSurvey documentation built on June 27, 2024, 5:10 p.m.