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#' @include utils.R
#' @include collatz_function.R
NULL
#' Hailstone Sequencer
#'
#' Calculates the values of a hailstone sequence, from an initial value.
#'
#' Returns a list of successive values obtained by iterating a Collatz-esque
#' function, until either 1 is reached, or the total amount of iterations
#' exceeds max_total_stopping_time, unless total_stopping_time is FALSE, which
#' will terminate the hailstone at the "stopping time" value, i.e. the first
#' value less than the initial value. While the sequence has the capability to
#' determine that it has encountered a cycle, the cycle from "1" wont be
#' attempted or reported as part of a cycle, regardless of default or custom
#' parameterisation, as "1" is considered a "total stop".
#'
#' @param initial_value (numeric|bigz)
#' The value to begin the hailstone sequence from.
#' @param P (numeric|bigz): Modulus used to divide
#' n, iff n is equivalent to (0 mod P). Default is 2.
#' @param a (numeric|bigz) Factor by which to multiply n. Default is 3.
#' @param b (numeric|bigz) Value to add
#' to the scaled value of n. Default is 1.
#' @param max_total_stopping_time (int) Maximum amount of times to iterate the
#' function, if 1 is not reached. Default is 1000.
#' @param total_stopping_time (bool) Whether or not to execute until the "total"
#' stopping time (number of iterations to obtain 1) rather than the regular
#' stopping time (number of iterations to reach a value less than the initial
#' value). Default is TRUE.
#' @param verbose (bool) If set to verbose, the hailstone sequence will include
#' control string sequences to provide information about how the
#' sequence terminated, whether by reaching a stopping time or entering
#' a cycle. Default is TRUE.
#' @returns A keyed list consisting of a $values list of numeric | bigz
#' along with a $terminalCondition and $terminalStatus
#' @examples
#' # Compute a hailstone sequence, which defaults to the total stopping time;
#' hailstone_sequence(5)
#' # Or only compute down to the regular stopping time;
#' hailstone_sequence(5, total_stopping_time=FALSE)
#' # Remove verbose messaging;
#' hailstone_sequence(5, verbose=FALSE)
#' # It will also stop on finding a cycle;
#' hailstone_sequence(-56)
#' # And can be parameterised;
#' hailstone_sequence(3, -1, 3, 1)
#' # The hailstone sequence can run on `bigz`;
#' hailstone_sequence(27+as.bigz("576460752303423488"))
#' @export
hailstone_sequence <- function(initial_value, P=2, a=3, b=1,
max_total_stopping_time=1000, total_stopping_time=TRUE, verbose=TRUE){
# Call out the collatz_function before any magic returns to trap bad values.
throwaway_test <- collatz_function(initial_value,P=P,a=a,b=b)
# 0 is always an immediate stop.
if (initial_value == 0){
if (verbose) {
return(list(values=list(0), terminalCondition=Collatz$SequenceState$ZERO_STOP, terminalStatus=0))
} else {
return(list(0))
}
}
# 1 is always an immediate stop, with 0 stopping time.
if (initial_value == 1){
if (verbose) {
return(list(values=list(1), terminalCondition=Collatz$SequenceState$TOTAL_STOPPING_TIME, terminalStatus=0))
} else {
return(list(1))
}
}
terminate <- stopping_time_terminus(initial_value, total_stopping_time)
# Start the hailstone sequence.
max_max_total_stopping_time <- max(max_total_stopping_time, 1)
hailstone <- list(values=vector(mode="list", length=max_max_total_stopping_time), terminalCondition=NA, terminalStatus=NA)
hailstone$values[[1]] <- initial_value
for (k in 1:max_max_total_stopping_time){
next_val <- collatz_function(hailstone$values[[k]],P=P,a=a,b=b)
# Check if the next_val hailstone is either the stopping time, total
# stopping time, the same as the initial value, or stuck at zero.
if (terminate(next_val)) {
hailstone$values[[k+1]] <- next_val
hailstone$values <- hailstone$values[1:(k+1)]
if (verbose) {
if (next_val == 1) {
hailstone$terminalCondition <- Collatz$SequenceState$TOTAL_STOPPING_TIME
} else {
hailstone$terminalCondition <- Collatz$SequenceState$STOPPING_TIME
}
hailstone$terminalStatus <- k
return(hailstone)
} else {
return(hailstone$values)
}
}
# Here is normally where cyclic <- function(x){x %in% hailstone$values}
# would be used to determine presence of a new value in previous values
# but R's in-built tests for set membership all behave differently to
# other languages when the input itself is a vector, which bigz raw is!
# e.g. see how meaningless this is: `gmp::numerator(5) %in% list(5)`
# So we need to always do to the inverse loop traversal and compare,
# as the compare on list elements against bigz | bigq _does_ work!
# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
cycle_init <- -1
for (j in 0:(k-1)) {
if (hailstone$values[[k-j]] == next_val) {
cycle_init <- j+1
break
}
}
if (cycle_init > 0) {
hailstone$values[[k+1]] <- next_val
hailstone$values <- hailstone$values[1:(k+1)]
if (verbose) {
hailstone$terminalCondition <- Collatz$SequenceState$CYCLE_LENGTH
hailstone$terminalStatus <- cycle_init
return(hailstone)
} else {
return(hailstone$values)
}
}
# <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
if (next_val == 0) {
hailstone$values[[k+1]] <- 0
hailstone$values <- hailstone$values[1:(k+1)]
if (verbose) {
hailstone$terminalCondition <- Collatz$SequenceState$ZERO_STOP
hailstone$terminalStatus <- -k
return(hailstone)
} else {
return(hailstone$values)
}
}
hailstone$values[[k+1]] <- next_val
}
if (verbose) {
hailstone$terminalCondition <- Collatz$SequenceState$MAX_STOP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
hailstone$terminalStatus <- max_max_total_stopping_time
return(hailstone)
} else {
return(hailstone$values)
}
}
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