rating_table: Present fitted pricing-model effects as a rating table

In insurancerating: Actuarial Tools for Insurance Pricing Models

Present fitted pricing-model effects as a rating table

Description

Extract coefficients from one or more fitted GLMs and organise them by risk factor and level. Reference levels are made explicit, coefficients can be expressed as multiplicative relativities, and portfolio exposure can be attached to support actuarial review.

Usage

rating_table(
  ...,
  model_data = NULL,
  exposure = TRUE,
  exposure_output = NULL,
  estimate_name = NULL,
  exponentiate = TRUE,
  significance = FALSE,
  reference_first = TRUE,
  level_order = c("estimate_descending", "estimate_ascending", "model", "alphabetical"),
  level_order_by_risk_factor = NULL,
  numeric_level_order = c("ascending", "as_specified"),
  risk_factor_order = c("model", "alphabetical"),
  order_model = NULL,
  round_exposure = 0,
  exposure_name = NULL,
  signif_stars = NULL
)

Arguments

...	One or more fitted glm objects, including models returned by refit(). Object expressions are used to construct the dynamic estimate column names.
model_data	Optional data frame used to fit the models. If NULL, the function tries to use model$data for each supplied model.
exposure	Logical or character string. If TRUE, exposure is added if it can be inferred from the model. If FALSE, no exposure is added. If a character string is supplied, it is interpreted as the exposure column name.
exposure_output	Optional character string naming the exposure column in the output. If NULL, the original exposure column name is used.
estimate_name	Optional character vector with the exact output column name for each model estimate. Supply one value for one model, an unnamed vector in model order, or a named vector whose names identify the supplied model objects. If NULL, columns retain the default ⁠est_<model>⁠ names.
exponentiate	Logical. If TRUE, coefficients are exponentiated and shown as relativities. If FALSE, coefficients are shown on the model scale.
significance	Logical. If TRUE, add a separate ⁠signif_*⁠ column for each model containing significance indicators based on coefficient p-values. The corresponding ⁠est_*⁠ columns remain numeric.
reference_first	Logical. If TRUE, place the reference level first when the global ordering of a nominal risk factor is "model" or "alphabetical". Numeric levels, ordered factors, estimate-based ordering and explicit per-factor overrides retain their selected order. For an ordinary GLM, the reference is obtained from the fitted factor contrasts. After add_rebasing(), the selected rebasing level is used.
level_order	Character string controlling the default order of nominal factor levels. "estimate_descending" (default) places the highest fitted effect first, "estimate_ascending" places the lowest first, "model" retains the fitted model order and "alphabetical" sorts labels. Numeric levels and explicitly ordered factors use their substantive order instead.
level_order_by_risk_factor	Optional named character vector providing an ordering override for individual risk factors. Names identify risk factors and values must be "model", "alphabetical", "estimate_ascending" or "estimate_descending". For example, c(urbanisation = "model", sector = "estimate_descending") preserves an ordinal urbanisation scale while ordering sector relativities from high to low. Numeric ordering still takes precedence.
numeric_level_order	Character string controlling levels that are all recognisable as numbers or numeric intervals. "ascending" orders them by numeric value, or by the lower and then upper interval boundary, regardless of level_order. This correctly orders labels such as ⁠(100,200]⁠ and ⁠(1000,2000]⁠. "as_specified" leaves these levels to level_order. Numeric ordering takes precedence over reference_first, so the reference level is not moved away from its numerical position.
risk_factor_order	Character string controlling risk-factor order. "model" retains the order in the fitted model; "alphabetical" sorts risk-factor names. The intercept, when present, remains first.
order_model	Optional character string naming the supplied model whose level order, reference levels and estimates are used for sorting. This is mainly relevant when several models are compared. If NULL, the first supplied model is used. Both "frequency" and "est_frequency" are accepted for a model object named frequency. If that model does not contain a particular risk factor, the first supplied model containing the factor provides its order and reference level.
round_exposure	Non-negative number of digits used to round exposure.
exposure_name	Deprecated. Use exposure_output instead.
signif_stars	Deprecated. Use significance instead.

Details

Coefficients and relativities

The table contains one row per model term level. For factor variables, the reference level is added explicitly with relativity 1 when exponentiate = TRUE, or coefficient 0 when exponentiate = FALSE. Numeric model terms are retained on the scale supplied by the fitted model structure.

By default, estimate columns are named from the supplied model expressions, for example est_frequency for an object named frequency. estimate_name can replace these with exact user-supplied names. With several models, use an unnamed vector in model order or a named vector such as c(frequency = "freq_relativity", severity = "sev_relativity"). Effects are joined by risk factor and level.

Actuarial interpretation

With a log-link GLM, exponentiated coefficients represent conditional multiplicative effects relative to the model reference level. They should be interpreted together with the model specification and should not be confused with the unadjusted observed measures returned by factor_analysis().

Exposure by level provides context for the amount of portfolio information supporting each fitted effect. Significance indicators describe evidence conditional on the fitted model; they do not measure practical materiality, temporal stability or suitability for direct tariff implementation.

Comparing multiple models is useful for assessing changes between unrestricted and refined specifications, or between alternative model formulations. Comparable response definitions and coefficient scales remain the responsibility of the analyst.

Row order and reference levels

By default, risk factors follow the model formula. Numeric levels and intervals are shown from low to high, explicitly ordered factors retain their factor-level sequence, and remaining nominal factors are shown from highest to lowest fitted effect. This separates structural order from an ordering used to compare tariff differentiation.

reference_first applies only when a nominal factor uses model or alphabetical order. It does not move the reference level ahead of a numeric, ordinal or estimate-based sequence. The reference remains recorded in the rating-table metadata, including a reference selected with add_rebasing().

Alternative level ordering is useful for specific review tasks. Alphabetical order supports lookup and export, while model order can retain a deliberately specified factor sequence. Use level_order_by_risk_factor when nominal and ordinal factors require different treatment in the same table. With several models, order_model defines which fitted specification provides estimate-based ordering. as_gt() and autoplot.rating_table() retain the row order established here.

Only a factor stored with ordered = TRUE is identified automatically as an ordinal scale. A regular factor may also have deliberately arranged levels, but that intention cannot be distinguished reliably from an arbitrary model order. Use level_order_by_risk_factor = c(variable = "model") to preserve that sequence explicitly.

Numeric labels and intervals receive separate treatment because alphabetical ordering can give an incorrect tariff sequence. With the default numeric_level_order = "ascending", a risk factor is sorted numerically only when every displayed level is either a complete number or a valid interval with two numeric boundaries. Mixed labels such as "Industry 1" remain categorical. Set numeric_level_order = "as_specified" when the fitted model order or another level_order should be retained deliberately.

Significance indicators

When significance = TRUE, every model receives its own ⁠signif_*⁠ column. For example, models named frequency and severity produce est_frequency, signif_frequency, est_severity and signif_severity. Keeping estimates and indicators separate preserves the numeric type of the fitted effects for subsequent calculations, filtering and export.

as_gt() combines each estimate with its corresponding significance indicator for presentation and adds the significance thresholds as a source note below the table. Reference levels generally have no separate coefficient test and therefore have no significance indicator.

rating_table() accepts fitted models only. A rating_refinement specification must first be fitted with refit().

Value

A data frame with classes "rating_table", legacy "riskfactor" and "data.frame". It can be inspected and manipulated directly with ordinary data-frame operations. For backward compatibility, x$df returns the same table without the package-specific class and metadata. The table contains:

risk_factor

Model term or risk-factor name.

level

Factor level or term representation.

Estimate column

Coefficient or exponentiated relativity for each supplied model. Its default ⁠est_*⁠ name is derived from the model expression and can be replaced with estimate_name.

⁠signif_*⁠

Optional significance indicator for each model.

Exposure column

Optional aggregated exposure, retaining the requested output name.

Author(s)

Martin Haringa

See Also

as_gt() for grouped tabular presentation, autoplot.rating_table() for graphical comparison, factor_analysis() for observed portfolio experience, and refit() for fitting a refinement specification.

Examples

df <- MTPL
df$zip <- as.factor(df$zip)

freq <- glm(
  nclaims ~ bm + zip + offset(log(exposure)),
  family = poisson(),
  data = df
)

fitted_effects <- rating_table(
  freq,
  model_data = df,
  exposure = "exposure"
)

fitted_effects
head(fitted_effects)

# Give the estimate column an explicit name
rating_table(
  freq,
  model_data = df,
  exposure = "exposure",
  estimate_name = "frequency_relativity"
)

# For several models, names can be supplied in model order or by model name
freq_alternative <- update(freq, . ~ . - bm)
rating_table(
  freq,
  freq_alternative,
  model_data = df,
  exposure = "exposure",
  estimate_name = c(
    freq = "current_relativity",
    freq_alternative = "alternative_relativity"
  )
)

# The historical accessor remains available for existing code
identical(fitted_effects$df, as.data.frame(fitted_effects))
if (requireNamespace("gt", quietly = TRUE)) {
  as_gt(fitted_effects)
}

# Keep coefficients on the model scale instead of exponentiating
rating_table(
  freq,
  model_data = df,
  exposure = "exposure",
  exponentiate = FALSE
)

# Significance is supplementary to exposure and stability assessment
rating_table(
  freq,
  model_data = df,
  exposure = "exposure",
  significance = TRUE
)

# Compare two fitted models side by side
freq_simple <- glm(
  nclaims ~ bm + offset(log(exposure)),
  family = poisson(),
  data = df
)

rating_table(
  freq_simple,
  freq,
  model_data = df,
  exposure = FALSE
)

# Order all levels by fitted relativity
rating_table(
  freq,
  model_data = df,
  exposure = "exposure",
  level_order = "estimate_descending"
)

insurancerating documentation built on Sept. 1, 2026, 5:08 p.m.