# lsm_l_pd: PD (landscape level) In landscapemetrics: Landscape Metrics for Categorical Map Patterns

 lsm_l_pd R Documentation

## PD (landscape level)

### Description

Patch density (Aggregation metric)

### Usage

lsm_l_pd(landscape, directions = 8)


### Arguments

 landscape Raster* Layer, Stack, Brick, SpatRaster (terra), stars, or a list of rasterLayers. directions The number of directions in which patches should be connected: 4 (rook's case) or 8 (queen's case).

### Details

PD = \frac{N} {A} * 10000 * 100

where N is the number of patches and A is the total landscape area in square meters.

PD is an 'Aggregation metric'. It describes the fragmentation the landscape, however, does not necessarily contain information about the configuration or composition of the landscape. In contrast to lsm_l_np it is standardized to the area and comparisons among landscapes with different total area are possible.

#### Units

Number per 100 hectares

0 < PD <= 1e+06

#### Behaviour

Increases as the landscape gets more patchy. Reaches its maximum if every cell is a different patch.

tibble

### References

McGarigal, K., SA Cushman, and E Ene. 2012. FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at the following web site: https://www.umass.edu/landeco/

lsm_c_np, lsm_l_ta,
lsm_c_pd
lsm_l_pd(landscape)