R/data-simpsons_paradox.R

In openintro: Datasets and Supplemental Functions from 'OpenIntro' Textbooks and Labs

#' Simpson's Paradox: Covid
#'
#' A dataset on Delta Variant Covid-19 cases in the UK. This dataset gives a great example of Simpson's Paradox. When aggregating results without regard to age group, the death rate for vaccinated individuals is higher -- but they have a much higher risk population. Once we look at populations with more comparable risks (breakout age groups), we see that the vaccinated group tends to be lower risk in each risk-bucketed group and that many of the higher risk patients had gotten vaccinated. The dataset was brought to OpenIntro's attention by Matthew T. Brenneman of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Note: some totals in the original source differ as there were some cases that did not have ages associated with them.
#' @name simpsons_paradox_covid
#' @docType data
#' @format A data frame with 286,166 rows and 3 variables:
#' \describe{
#'   \item{age_group}{Age of the person. Levels: `under 50`,  `50 +`.}
#'   \item{vaccine_status}{Vaccination status of the person. Note: the vaccinated group includes those who were only partially vaccinated. Levels: `vaccinated`, `unvaccinated`}
#'   \item{outcome}{Did the person die from the Delta variant? Levels: `death` and `survived`.}
#' }
#' @source [Public Health England: Technical briefing 20](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009243/Technical_Briefing_20.pdf)
#' @keywords datasets
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(scales)
#' # Calculate the mortality rate for all cases by vaccination status
#' simpsons_paradox_covid |>
#'   group_by(vaccine_status, outcome) |>
#'   summarize(count = n()) |>
#'   ungroup() |>
#'   group_by(vaccine_status) |>
#'   mutate(total = sum(count)) |>
#'   filter(outcome == "death") |>
#'   select(c(vaccine_status, count, total)) |>
#'   mutate(mortality_rate = label_percent(accuracy = 0.01)(round(count / total, 4))) |>
#'   select(-c(count, total))
#'
#' # Calculate mortality rate by age group and vaccination status
#' simpsons_paradox_covid |>
#'   group_by(age_group, vaccine_status, outcome) |>
#'   summarize(count = n()) |>
#'   ungroup() |>
#'   group_by(age_group, vaccine_status) |>
#'   mutate(total = sum(count)) |>
#'   filter(outcome == "death") |>
#'   select(c(age_group, vaccine_status, count, total)) |>
#'   mutate(mortality_rate = label_percent(accuracy = 0.01)(round(count / total, 4))) |>
#'   select(-c(count, total))
"simpsons_paradox_covid"