Nothing
R/init_prob.R
In riskyr: Rendering Risk Literacy more Transparent
## init_prob.R | riskyr
## 2018 02 08
## -----------------------------------------------
## Define and initialize ALL probabilities
## -----------------------------------------------
## -----------------------------------------------
## Table of current terminology:
# Probabilities (10): Frequencies (11):
# ------------------- ------------------
# (A) by condition:
# non-conditional: N
# prev* cond.true | cond.false (columns)
# conditional:
# sens* = hit rate = TPR hi* = TP
# mirt = miss rate = FNR mi* = FN
# fart = false alarm rate = FPR fa* = FP
# spec* = true negative rate = TNR cr* = TN
# [Note: *...is essential]
# (B) by decision: Combined frequencies:
# non-conditional:
# ppod = proportion of dec.pos dec.pos | dec.neg (rows)
# dec.cor | dec.err (diagonal)
# conditional:
# PPV = precision
# FDR = false detection rate
# FOR = false omission rate
# NPV = neg. pred. value
## -----------------------------------------------
## Data flow: Two basic directions:
## (1) Probabilities ==> frequencies:
## Bayesian: based on 3 essential probabilities:
## - given: prev; sens, spec
## - derived: all other values
## (2) Frequencies ==> probabilities:
## Frequentist: based on 4 essential natural frequencies:
## - given: N = hi, mi, fa, cr
## - derived: all other values
## -----------------------------------------------
## A: Define probabilities by condition:
## -----------------------------------------------
## -----------------------------------------------
## ***: 3 essential probabilities: prev; sens, spec
## -----------------------------------------------
## (0) prev*** = base rate of condition:
#' The prevalence (baseline probability) of a condition.
#'
#' \code{prev} defines a condition's prevalence value
#' (or baseline probability):
#' The probability of the condition being \code{TRUE}.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the prevalence value \code{prev}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{prev} is the (non-conditional) probability:
#'
#' \code{prev = p(condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' or the base rate (or baseline probability)
#' of the condition's occurrence.
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{prev} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{cond.true}} (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}})
#' divided by \code{\link{N}} (i.e.,
#' \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}} + \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{prev = cond.true/N = (hi + mi)/(hi + mi + fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{prev} classifies a population of \code{\link{N}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{prev = cond.true/N}).
#'
#' \code{prev} is the "by condition" counterpart to \code{\link{ppod}}
#' (which adopts a "by decision" perspective).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' base rate of condition,
#' proportion affected,
#' rate of condition \code{= TRUE} cases
#'
#' \code{prev} is often distinguished from the \emph{incidence rate}
#' (i.e., the rate of new cases within a certain time period).
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{prev} is a feature of the population
#' and condition, but independent of the decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' The value of \code{prev} does \emph{not} depend
#' on features of the decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#' However, \code{prev} must be taken into account when
#' computing the conditional probabilities
#' \code{\link{sens}}, \code{\link{mirt}},
#' \code{\link{spec}}, \code{\link{fart}},
#' \code{\link{PPV}}, and \code{\link{NPV}}
#' (as they partly depend on \code{prev}).
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' baserate_cond.true
#'
#' @examples
#' prev <- .10 # => sets a prevalence value of 10%
#' prev <- 10/100 # => (condition = TRUE) for 10 out of 100 individuals
#' is_prob(prev) # => TRUE (as prev is a probability)
#'
#' @family probabilities
#' @family essential parameters
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric variables;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric variables;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes derived probabilities;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes natural frequencies from probabilities
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
prev <- 1/2 # default prevalence
## -----------------------------------------------
## (1) sens*** = TPR:
#' The sensitivity (or hit rate) of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{sens} defines a decision's sensitivity (or hit rate) value:
#' The conditional probability of the decision being positive
#' if the condition is \code{TRUE}.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the sensitivity \code{sens}
#' (or hit rate \code{HR}):
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition: \code{sens} is the conditional probability
#' for a (correct) positive decision given that
#' the condition is \code{TRUE}:
#'
#' \code{sens = p(decision = positive | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' or the probability of correctly detecting true cases
#' (\code{condition = TRUE}).
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{sens} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.true}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{sens = hi/cond.true}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' true positive rate (\code{TPR}),
#' hit rate (\code{HR}),
#' probability of detection,
#' \code{power = 1 - beta},
#' \code{recall}
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{sens} is the complement of the miss rate
#' \code{\link{mirt}} (aka. false negative rate \code{FNR} or the
#' rate of Type-II errors):
#'
#' \code{sens = (1 - miss rate) = (1 - FNR)}
#'
#' b. \code{sens} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the positive predictive value \code{\link{PPV}}:
#'
#' \code{PPV = p(condition = TRUE | decision = positive)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{sens} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{hi}} divided by
#' \code{\link{cond.true}} (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}}):
#'
#' \code{sens = hi/cond.true = hi/(hi + mi)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{sens} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' correct decisions (true positives).
#'
#' Due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{sens} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' TPR HR
#' power recall
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#' @family essential parameters
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_sens}} computes \code{sens} as the complement of \code{\link{mirt}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' sens <- .85 # => sets a sensitivity value of 85%
#' sens <- 85/100 # => (decision = positive) for 85 out of 100 people with (condition = TRUE)
#' is_prob(sens) # => TRUE (as sens is a probability)
sens <- 1/2 # default sensitivity
## -----------------------------------------------
## (2) mirt = FNR:
#' The miss rate of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{mirt} defines a decision's miss rate value:
#' The conditional probability of the decision being negative
#' if the condition is \code{TRUE}.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the miss rate \code{mirt}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition: \code{sens} is the conditional probability
#' for an incorrect negative decision given that
#' the condition is \code{TRUE}:
#'
#' \code{mirt = p(decision = negative | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' or the probability of failing to detect true cases
#' (\code{condition = TRUE}).
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{mirt} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.true}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{mirt = mi/cond.true}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' false negative rate (\code{FNR}),
#' rate of type-II errors (\code{beta})
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{mirt} is the complement of the
#' sensitivity \code{\link{sens}} (aka. hit rate \code{HR}):
#'
#' \code{mirt = (1 - sens) = (1 - HR)}
#'
#' b. \code{mirt} is the _opposite_ conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the false omission rate \code{\link{FOR}}:
#'
#' \code{FOR = p(condition = TRUE | decision = negative)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{mirt} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{mi}} divided by \code{\link{cond.true}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}}):
#'
#' \code{mirt = mi/cond.true = mi/(hi + mi)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{mirt} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' incorrect decisions (false negatives).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{mirt} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' FNR
#' beta
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_mirt}} computes \code{mirt} as the complement of \code{\link{sens}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' mirt <- .15 # => sets a miss rate of 15%
#' mirt <- 15/100 # => (decision = negative) for 15 out of 100 people with (condition = TRUE)
#' is_prob(mirt) # => TRUE (as mirt is a probability)
mirt <- 1 - sens # default miss rate
## -----------------------------------------------
## (3) spec*** = TNR:
#' The specificity of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{spec} defines a decision's specificity value (or correct rejection rate):
#' The conditional probability of the decision being negative
#' if the condition is FALSE.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the specificity value \code{spec}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{spec} is the conditional probability
#' for a (correct) negative decision given that
#' the condition is \code{FALSE}:
#'
#' \code{spec = p(decision = negative | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#' or the probability of correctly detecting false cases
#' (\code{condition = FALSE}).
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{spec} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.false}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{spec = cr/cond.false}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' true negative rate (\code{TNR}),
#' correct rejection rate,
#' \code{1 - alpha}
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{spec} is the complement of the
#' false alarm rate \code{\link{fart}}:
#'
#' \code{spec = 1 - fart}
#'
#' b. \code{spec} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the negative predictive value \code{\link{NPV}}:
#'
#' \code{NPV = p(condition = FALSE | decision = negative)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{spec} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{cr}} divided by \code{\link{cond.false}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{spec = cr/cond.false = cr/(fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{spec} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' correct decisions (true negatives).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{spec} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' TNR
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#' @family essential parameters
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_spec}} computes \code{spec} as the complement of \code{\link{fart}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' spec <- .75 # => sets a specificity value of 75%
#' spec <- 75/100 # => (decision = negative) for 75 out of 100 people with (condition = FALSE)
#' is_prob(spec) # => TRUE (as spec is a probability)
spec <- 1/2 # default specificity
## -----------------------------------------------
## (4) fart = FPR:
#' The false alarm rate (or false positive rate) of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{fart} defines a decision's false alarm rate
#' (or the rate of false positives): The conditional probability
#' of the decision being positive if the condition is FALSE.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the false alarm rate \code{fart}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{fart} is the conditional probability
#' for an incorrect positive decision given that
#' the condition is \code{FALSE}:
#'
#' \code{fart = p(decision = positive | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#' or the probability of a false alarm.
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{fart} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.false}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{fart = fa/cond.false}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' false positive rate (\code{FPR}),
#' rate of type-I errors (\code{alpha}),
#' statistical significance level,
#' \code{fallout}
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{fart} is the complement of the
#' specificity \code{\link{spec}}:
#'
#' \code{fart = 1 - spec}
#'
#' b. \code{fart} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the false discovery rate
#' or false detection rate \code{\link{FDR}}:
#'
#' \code{FDR = p(condition = FALSE | decision = positive)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{fart} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{fa}} divided by \code{\link{cond.false}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{fart = fa/cond.false = fa/(fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{fart} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' incorrect decisions (false positives).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{fart} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' FPR
#' alpha
#' fallout
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_fart}} computes \code{fart} as the complement of \code{\link{spec}}
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' fart <- .25 # => sets a false alarm rate of 25%
#' fart <- 25/100 # => (decision = positive) for 25 out of 100 people with (condition = FALSE)
#' is_prob(fart) # => TRUE (as fart is a probability)
fart <- 1 - spec # default false alarm rate
## -----------------------------------------------
## B: Define by decision:
## -----------------------------------------------
## (0) Base rate of positive decisions (PR):
## (0) ppod = base rate of decisions being positive (PR):
#' The proportion (or baseline) of a positive decision.
#'
#' \code{ppod} defines the proportion (baseline probability or rate):
#' a decision being \code{positive} (but not necessarily true).
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the proportion of positive decisions \code{ppod}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{ppod} is the (non-conditional) probability:
#'
#' \code{ppod = p(decision = positive)}
#'
#' or the base rate (or baseline probability)
#' of a decision being positive (but not necessarily true).
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{ppod} classifies a population of \code{\link{N}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{ppod = dec.pos/N}).
#'
#' \code{ppod} is the "by decision" counterpart to \code{\link{prev}}
#' (which adopts a "by condition" perspective).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' base rate of positive decisions (\code{PR}),
#' proportion predicted or diagnosed,
#' rate of decision \code{= positive} cases
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{ppod} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{dec.pos}} (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{fa}})
#' divided by \code{\link{N}} (i.e.,
#' \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}} + \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{ppod = dec.pos/N = (hi + fa)/(hi + mi + fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{ppod} is a feature of the decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' However, the conditional probabilities
#' \code{\link{sens}}, \code{\link{mirt}},
#' \code{\link{spec}}, \code{\link{fart}},
#' \code{\link{PPV}}, and \code{\link{NPV}}
#' also depend on the condition's prevalence \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' baserate_dec.pos PR
#'
#' @examples
#' ppod <- .50 # => sets a rate of positive decisions of 50%
#' ppod <- 50/100 # => (decision = TRUE) for 50 out of 100 individuals
#' is_prob(ppod) # => TRUE (as ppod is a probability)
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{freq}} contains current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
ppod <- 1/2 # default rate of positive decisions
## -----------------------------------------------
## Predictive values (PVs):
## (1) PPV: positive predictive value
#' The positive predictive value of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{PPV} defines some decision's positive predictive value (PPV):
#' The conditional probability of the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' provided that the decision is positive.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the positive predictive value \code{PPV}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{PPV} is the conditional probability
#' for the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' given a positive decision:
#'
#' \code{PPV = p(condition = TRUE | decision = positive)}
#'
#' or the probability of a positive decision being correct.
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{PPV} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.pos}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{PPV = hi/dec.pos = hi/(hi + fa)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' \code{precision}
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{PPV} is the complement of the
#' false discovery or false detection rate \code{\link{FDR}}:
#'
#' \code{PPV = 1 - FDR}
#'
#' b. \code{PPV} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the sensitivity \code{\link{sens}}:
#'
#' \code{sens = p(decision = positive | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{PPV} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{hi}} divided by \code{\link{dec.pos}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{fa}}):
#'
#' \code{PPV = hi/dec.pos = hi/(hi + fa)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{PPV} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and
#' -- similar to the sensitivity \code{\link{sens}} --
#' a measure of correct decisions (positive decisions
#' that are actually TRUE).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{PPV} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' precision
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @examples
#' PPV <- .55 # => sets a positive predictive value of 55%
#' PPV <- 55/100 # => (condition = TRUE) for 55 out of 100 people with (decision = positive)
#' is_prob(PPV) # => TRUE (as PPV is a probability)
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_PPV}} computes \code{PPV};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
PPV <- 1/2 # default of positive predictive value (PPV)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (2) FDR: false detection rate = 1 - PPV
#' The false detection rate of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{FDR} defines a decision's false detection (or false discovery)
#' rate (\code{FDR}): The conditional probability of the condition
#' being \code{FALSE} provided that the decision is positive.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the false detection fate
#' or false discovery rate (\code{FDR}):
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{FDR} is the conditional probability
#' for the condition being \code{FALSE}
#' given a positive decision:
#'
#' \code{FDR = p(condition = FALSE | decision = positive)}
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{FDR} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.pos}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{FDR = fa/dec.pos = fa/(hi + fa)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' false discovery rate
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{FDR} is the complement of the
#' positive predictive value \code{\link{PPV}}:
#'
#' \code{FDR = 1 - PPV}
#'
#' b. \code{FDR} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the false alarm rate \code{\link{fart}}:
#'
#' \code{fart = p(decision = positive | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{FDR} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{fa}} divided by \code{\link{dec.pos}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{fa}}):
#'
#' \code{FDR = fa/dec.pos = fa/(hi + fa)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{FDR} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and
#' a measure of incorrect decisions (positive decisions
#' that are actually \code{FALSE}).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{FDR} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_FDR}} computes \code{FDR} as the complement of \code{\link{PPV}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' FDR <- .45 # => sets a false discovery rate (FDR) of 45%
#' FDR <- 45/100 # => (condition = FALSE) for 45 out of 100 people with (decision = positive)
#' is_prob(FDR) # => TRUE (as FDR is a probability)
FDR <- 1 - PPV # default of false discorvery rate (FDR)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (3) NPV: negative predictive value
#' The negative predictive value of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{NPV} defines some decision's negative predictive value (NPV):
#' The conditional probability of the condition being \code{FALSE}
#' provided that the decision is negative.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the negative predictive value \code{NPV}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{NPV} is the conditional probability
#' for the condition being \code{FALSE}
#' given a negative decision:
#'
#' \code{NPV = p(condition = FALSE | decision = negative)}
#'
#' or the probability of a negative decision being correct.
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{NPV} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.neg}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{NPV = cr/dec.neg = cr/(mi + cr)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' true omission rate
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{NPV} is the complement of the
#' false omission rate \code{\link{FOR}}:
#'
#' \code{NPV = 1 - FOR}
#'
#' b. \code{NPV} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the specificity \code{\link{spec}}:
#'
#' \code{spec = p(decision = negative | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{NPV} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{cr}} divided by \code{\link{dec.neg}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{cr} + \link{mi}}):
#'
#' \code{NPV = cr/dec.neg = cr/(cr + mi)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{NPV} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and
#' -- similar to the specificity \code{\link{spec}} --
#' a measure of correct decisions (negative decisions
#' that are actually FALSE).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{NPV} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_NPV}} computes \code{NPV};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' NPV <- .95 # => sets a negative predictive value of 95%
#' NPV <- 95/100 # => (condition = FALSE) for 95 out of 100 people with (decision = negative)
#' is_prob(NPV) # => TRUE (as NPV is a probability)
NPV <- 1/2 # default of negative predictive value (NPV)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (4) FOR: False omission rate = 1 - NPV
#' The false omission rate (FOR) of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{FOR} defines a decision's false omission rate (\code{FOR}):
#' The conditional probability of the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' provided that the decision is negative.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the false omission rate \code{FOR}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{FOR} is the so-called false omission rate:
#' The conditional probability for the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' given a negative decision:
#'
#' \code{FOR = p(condition = TRUE | decision = negative)}
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{FOR} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.neg}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{FOR = mi/dec.neg = mi/(mi + cr)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' none?
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{FOR} is the complement of the
#' negative predictive value \code{\link{NPV}}:
#'
#' \code{FOR = 1 - NPV}
#'
#' b. \code{FOR} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the miss rate \code{\link{mirt}}
#' (aka. false negative rate \code{FDR}):
#'
#' \code{mirt = p(decision = negative | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{FOR} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{mi}} divided by \code{\link{dec.neg}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{mi} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{NPV = mi/dec.neg = mi/(mi + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{FOR} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of incorrect
#' decisions (negative decisions that are actually \code{FALSE}).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{FOR} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_FOR}} computes \code{FOR} as the complement of \code{\link{NPV}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#'
#' @examples
#' FOR <- .05 # => sets a false omission rate of 5%
#' FOR <- 5/100 # => (condition = TRUE) for 5 out of 100 people with (decision = negative)
#' is_prob(FOR) # => TRUE (as FOR is a probability)
FOR <- 1 - NPV # default of false omission rate (FOR)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (+) ToDo:
## - Check all documentation
## (for correctness and consistency).
## -----------------------------------------------
## eof.
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## init_prob.R | riskyr
## 2018 02 08
## -----------------------------------------------
## Define and initialize ALL probabilities
## -----------------------------------------------
## -----------------------------------------------
## Table of current terminology:
# Probabilities (10): Frequencies (11):
# ------------------- ------------------
# (A) by condition:
# non-conditional: N
# prev* cond.true | cond.false (columns)
# conditional:
# sens* = hit rate = TPR hi* = TP
# mirt = miss rate = FNR mi* = FN
# fart = false alarm rate = FPR fa* = FP
# spec* = true negative rate = TNR cr* = TN
# [Note: *...is essential]
# (B) by decision: Combined frequencies:
# non-conditional:
# ppod = proportion of dec.pos dec.pos | dec.neg (rows)
# dec.cor | dec.err (diagonal)
# conditional:
# PPV = precision
# FDR = false detection rate
# FOR = false omission rate
# NPV = neg. pred. value
## -----------------------------------------------
## Data flow: Two basic directions:
## (1) Probabilities ==> frequencies:
## Bayesian: based on 3 essential probabilities:
## - given: prev; sens, spec
## - derived: all other values
## (2) Frequencies ==> probabilities:
## Frequentist: based on 4 essential natural frequencies:
## - given: N = hi, mi, fa, cr
## - derived: all other values
## -----------------------------------------------
## A: Define probabilities by condition:
## -----------------------------------------------
## -----------------------------------------------
## ***: 3 essential probabilities: prev; sens, spec
## -----------------------------------------------
## (0) prev*** = base rate of condition:
#' The prevalence (baseline probability) of a condition.
#'
#' \code{prev} defines a condition's prevalence value
#' (or baseline probability):
#' The probability of the condition being \code{TRUE}.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the prevalence value \code{prev}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{prev} is the (non-conditional) probability:
#'
#' \code{prev = p(condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' or the base rate (or baseline probability)
#' of the condition's occurrence.
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{prev} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{cond.true}} (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}})
#' divided by \code{\link{N}} (i.e.,
#' \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}} + \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{prev = cond.true/N = (hi + mi)/(hi + mi + fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{prev} classifies a population of \code{\link{N}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{prev = cond.true/N}).
#'
#' \code{prev} is the "by condition" counterpart to \code{\link{ppod}}
#' (which adopts a "by decision" perspective).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' base rate of condition,
#' proportion affected,
#' rate of condition \code{= TRUE} cases
#'
#' \code{prev} is often distinguished from the \emph{incidence rate}
#' (i.e., the rate of new cases within a certain time period).
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{prev} is a feature of the population
#' and condition, but independent of the decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' The value of \code{prev} does \emph{not} depend
#' on features of the decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#' However, \code{prev} must be taken into account when
#' computing the conditional probabilities
#' \code{\link{sens}}, \code{\link{mirt}},
#' \code{\link{spec}}, \code{\link{fart}},
#' \code{\link{PPV}}, and \code{\link{NPV}}
#' (as they partly depend on \code{prev}).
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' baserate_cond.true
#'
#' @examples
#' prev <- .10 # => sets a prevalence value of 10%
#' prev <- 10/100 # => (condition = TRUE) for 10 out of 100 individuals
#' is_prob(prev) # => TRUE (as prev is a probability)
#'
#' @family probabilities
#' @family essential parameters
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric variables;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric variables;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes derived probabilities;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes natural frequencies from probabilities
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
prev <- 1/2 # default prevalence
## -----------------------------------------------
## (1) sens*** = TPR:
#' The sensitivity (or hit rate) of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{sens} defines a decision's sensitivity (or hit rate) value:
#' The conditional probability of the decision being positive
#' if the condition is \code{TRUE}.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the sensitivity \code{sens}
#' (or hit rate \code{HR}):
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition: \code{sens} is the conditional probability
#' for a (correct) positive decision given that
#' the condition is \code{TRUE}:
#'
#' \code{sens = p(decision = positive | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' or the probability of correctly detecting true cases
#' (\code{condition = TRUE}).
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{sens} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.true}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{sens = hi/cond.true}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' true positive rate (\code{TPR}),
#' hit rate (\code{HR}),
#' probability of detection,
#' \code{power = 1 - beta},
#' \code{recall}
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{sens} is the complement of the miss rate
#' \code{\link{mirt}} (aka. false negative rate \code{FNR} or the
#' rate of Type-II errors):
#'
#' \code{sens = (1 - miss rate) = (1 - FNR)}
#'
#' b. \code{sens} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the positive predictive value \code{\link{PPV}}:
#'
#' \code{PPV = p(condition = TRUE | decision = positive)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{sens} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{hi}} divided by
#' \code{\link{cond.true}} (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}}):
#'
#' \code{sens = hi/cond.true = hi/(hi + mi)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{sens} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' correct decisions (true positives).
#'
#' Due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{sens} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' TPR HR
#' power recall
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#' @family essential parameters
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_sens}} computes \code{sens} as the complement of \code{\link{mirt}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' sens <- .85 # => sets a sensitivity value of 85%
#' sens <- 85/100 # => (decision = positive) for 85 out of 100 people with (condition = TRUE)
#' is_prob(sens) # => TRUE (as sens is a probability)
sens <- 1/2 # default sensitivity
## -----------------------------------------------
## (2) mirt = FNR:
#' The miss rate of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{mirt} defines a decision's miss rate value:
#' The conditional probability of the decision being negative
#' if the condition is \code{TRUE}.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the miss rate \code{mirt}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition: \code{sens} is the conditional probability
#' for an incorrect negative decision given that
#' the condition is \code{TRUE}:
#'
#' \code{mirt = p(decision = negative | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' or the probability of failing to detect true cases
#' (\code{condition = TRUE}).
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{mirt} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.true}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{mirt = mi/cond.true}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' false negative rate (\code{FNR}),
#' rate of type-II errors (\code{beta})
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{mirt} is the complement of the
#' sensitivity \code{\link{sens}} (aka. hit rate \code{HR}):
#'
#' \code{mirt = (1 - sens) = (1 - HR)}
#'
#' b. \code{mirt} is the _opposite_ conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the false omission rate \code{\link{FOR}}:
#'
#' \code{FOR = p(condition = TRUE | decision = negative)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{mirt} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{mi}} divided by \code{\link{cond.true}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}}):
#'
#' \code{mirt = mi/cond.true = mi/(hi + mi)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{mirt} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' incorrect decisions (false negatives).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{mirt} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' FNR
#' beta
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_mirt}} computes \code{mirt} as the complement of \code{\link{sens}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' mirt <- .15 # => sets a miss rate of 15%
#' mirt <- 15/100 # => (decision = negative) for 15 out of 100 people with (condition = TRUE)
#' is_prob(mirt) # => TRUE (as mirt is a probability)
mirt <- 1 - sens # default miss rate
## -----------------------------------------------
## (3) spec*** = TNR:
#' The specificity of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{spec} defines a decision's specificity value (or correct rejection rate):
#' The conditional probability of the decision being negative
#' if the condition is FALSE.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the specificity value \code{spec}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{spec} is the conditional probability
#' for a (correct) negative decision given that
#' the condition is \code{FALSE}:
#'
#' \code{spec = p(decision = negative | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#' or the probability of correctly detecting false cases
#' (\code{condition = FALSE}).
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{spec} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.false}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{spec = cr/cond.false}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' true negative rate (\code{TNR}),
#' correct rejection rate,
#' \code{1 - alpha}
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{spec} is the complement of the
#' false alarm rate \code{\link{fart}}:
#'
#' \code{spec = 1 - fart}
#'
#' b. \code{spec} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the negative predictive value \code{\link{NPV}}:
#'
#' \code{NPV = p(condition = FALSE | decision = negative)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{spec} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{cr}} divided by \code{\link{cond.false}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{spec = cr/cond.false = cr/(fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{spec} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' correct decisions (true negatives).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{spec} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' TNR
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#' @family essential parameters
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_spec}} computes \code{spec} as the complement of \code{\link{fart}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' spec <- .75 # => sets a specificity value of 75%
#' spec <- 75/100 # => (decision = negative) for 75 out of 100 people with (condition = FALSE)
#' is_prob(spec) # => TRUE (as spec is a probability)
spec <- 1/2 # default specificity
## -----------------------------------------------
## (4) fart = FPR:
#' The false alarm rate (or false positive rate) of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{fart} defines a decision's false alarm rate
#' (or the rate of false positives): The conditional probability
#' of the decision being positive if the condition is FALSE.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the false alarm rate \code{fart}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{fart} is the conditional probability
#' for an incorrect positive decision given that
#' the condition is \code{FALSE}:
#'
#' \code{fart = p(decision = positive | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#' or the probability of a false alarm.
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{fart} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{cond.false}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{fart = fa/cond.false}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' false positive rate (\code{FPR}),
#' rate of type-I errors (\code{alpha}),
#' statistical significance level,
#' \code{fallout}
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{fart} is the complement of the
#' specificity \code{\link{spec}}:
#'
#' \code{fart = 1 - spec}
#'
#' b. \code{fart} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the false discovery rate
#' or false detection rate \code{\link{FDR}}:
#'
#' \code{FDR = p(condition = FALSE | decision = positive)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{fart} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{fa}} divided by \code{\link{cond.false}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{fart = fa/cond.false = fa/(fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{fart} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of
#' incorrect decisions (false positives).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{fart} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' FPR
#' alpha
#' fallout
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_fart}} computes \code{fart} as the complement of \code{\link{spec}}
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' fart <- .25 # => sets a false alarm rate of 25%
#' fart <- 25/100 # => (decision = positive) for 25 out of 100 people with (condition = FALSE)
#' is_prob(fart) # => TRUE (as fart is a probability)
fart <- 1 - spec # default false alarm rate
## -----------------------------------------------
## B: Define by decision:
## -----------------------------------------------
## (0) Base rate of positive decisions (PR):
## (0) ppod = base rate of decisions being positive (PR):
#' The proportion (or baseline) of a positive decision.
#'
#' \code{ppod} defines the proportion (baseline probability or rate):
#' a decision being \code{positive} (but not necessarily true).
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the proportion of positive decisions \code{ppod}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{ppod} is the (non-conditional) probability:
#'
#' \code{ppod = p(decision = positive)}
#'
#' or the base rate (or baseline probability)
#' of a decision being positive (but not necessarily true).
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{ppod} classifies a population of \code{\link{N}} individuals
#' by decision (\code{ppod = dec.pos/N}).
#'
#' \code{ppod} is the "by decision" counterpart to \code{\link{prev}}
#' (which adopts a "by condition" perspective).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' base rate of positive decisions (\code{PR}),
#' proportion predicted or diagnosed,
#' rate of decision \code{= positive} cases
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{ppod} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{dec.pos}} (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{fa}})
#' divided by \code{\link{N}} (i.e.,
#' \code{\link{hi} + \link{mi}} + \code{\link{fa} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{ppod = dec.pos/N = (hi + fa)/(hi + mi + fa + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{ppod} is a feature of the decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' However, the conditional probabilities
#' \code{\link{sens}}, \code{\link{mirt}},
#' \code{\link{spec}}, \code{\link{fart}},
#' \code{\link{PPV}}, and \code{\link{NPV}}
#' also depend on the condition's prevalence \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' baserate_dec.pos PR
#'
#' @examples
#' ppod <- .50 # => sets a rate of positive decisions of 50%
#' ppod <- 50/100 # => (decision = TRUE) for 50 out of 100 individuals
#' is_prob(ppod) # => TRUE (as ppod is a probability)
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{freq}} contains current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
ppod <- 1/2 # default rate of positive decisions
## -----------------------------------------------
## Predictive values (PVs):
## (1) PPV: positive predictive value
#' The positive predictive value of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{PPV} defines some decision's positive predictive value (PPV):
#' The conditional probability of the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' provided that the decision is positive.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the positive predictive value \code{PPV}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{PPV} is the conditional probability
#' for the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' given a positive decision:
#'
#' \code{PPV = p(condition = TRUE | decision = positive)}
#'
#' or the probability of a positive decision being correct.
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{PPV} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.pos}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{PPV = hi/dec.pos = hi/(hi + fa)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' \code{precision}
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{PPV} is the complement of the
#' false discovery or false detection rate \code{\link{FDR}}:
#'
#' \code{PPV = 1 - FDR}
#'
#' b. \code{PPV} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the sensitivity \code{\link{sens}}:
#'
#' \code{sens = p(decision = positive | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{PPV} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{hi}} divided by \code{\link{dec.pos}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{fa}}):
#'
#' \code{PPV = hi/dec.pos = hi/(hi + fa)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{PPV} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and
#' -- similar to the sensitivity \code{\link{sens}} --
#' a measure of correct decisions (positive decisions
#' that are actually TRUE).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{PPV} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @aliases
#' precision
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @examples
#' PPV <- .55 # => sets a positive predictive value of 55%
#' PPV <- 55/100 # => (condition = TRUE) for 55 out of 100 people with (decision = positive)
#' is_prob(PPV) # => TRUE (as PPV is a probability)
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_PPV}} computes \code{PPV};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
PPV <- 1/2 # default of positive predictive value (PPV)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (2) FDR: false detection rate = 1 - PPV
#' The false detection rate of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{FDR} defines a decision's false detection (or false discovery)
#' rate (\code{FDR}): The conditional probability of the condition
#' being \code{FALSE} provided that the decision is positive.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the false detection fate
#' or false discovery rate (\code{FDR}):
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{FDR} is the conditional probability
#' for the condition being \code{FALSE}
#' given a positive decision:
#'
#' \code{FDR = p(condition = FALSE | decision = positive)}
#'
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{FDR} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.pos}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{FDR = fa/dec.pos = fa/(hi + fa)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' false discovery rate
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{FDR} is the complement of the
#' positive predictive value \code{\link{PPV}}:
#'
#' \code{FDR = 1 - PPV}
#'
#' b. \code{FDR} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the false alarm rate \code{\link{fart}}:
#'
#' \code{fart = p(decision = positive | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{FDR} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{fa}} divided by \code{\link{dec.pos}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{hi} + \link{fa}}):
#'
#' \code{FDR = fa/dec.pos = fa/(hi + fa)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{FDR} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and
#' a measure of incorrect decisions (positive decisions
#' that are actually \code{FALSE}).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{FDR} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_FDR}} computes \code{FDR} as the complement of \code{\link{PPV}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' FDR <- .45 # => sets a false discovery rate (FDR) of 45%
#' FDR <- 45/100 # => (condition = FALSE) for 45 out of 100 people with (decision = positive)
#' is_prob(FDR) # => TRUE (as FDR is a probability)
FDR <- 1 - PPV # default of false discorvery rate (FDR)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (3) NPV: negative predictive value
#' The negative predictive value of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{NPV} defines some decision's negative predictive value (NPV):
#' The conditional probability of the condition being \code{FALSE}
#' provided that the decision is negative.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the negative predictive value \code{NPV}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{NPV} is the conditional probability
#' for the condition being \code{FALSE}
#' given a negative decision:
#'
#' \code{NPV = p(condition = FALSE | decision = negative)}
#'
#' or the probability of a negative decision being correct.
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{NPV} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.neg}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{NPV = cr/dec.neg = cr/(mi + cr)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' true omission rate
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{NPV} is the complement of the
#' false omission rate \code{\link{FOR}}:
#'
#' \code{NPV = 1 - FOR}
#'
#' b. \code{NPV} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the specificity \code{\link{spec}}:
#'
#' \code{spec = p(decision = negative | condition = FALSE)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{NPV} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{cr}} divided by \code{\link{dec.neg}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{cr} + \link{mi}}):
#'
#' \code{NPV = cr/dec.neg = cr/(cr + mi)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{NPV} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and
#' -- similar to the specificity \code{\link{spec}} --
#' a measure of correct decisions (negative decisions
#' that are actually FALSE).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{NPV} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_NPV}} computes \code{NPV};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#' @examples
#' NPV <- .95 # => sets a negative predictive value of 95%
#' NPV <- 95/100 # => (condition = FALSE) for 95 out of 100 people with (decision = negative)
#' is_prob(NPV) # => TRUE (as NPV is a probability)
NPV <- 1/2 # default of negative predictive value (NPV)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (4) FOR: False omission rate = 1 - NPV
#' The false omission rate (FOR) of a decision process or diagnostic procedure.
#'
#' \code{FOR} defines a decision's false omission rate (\code{FOR}):
#' The conditional probability of the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' provided that the decision is negative.
#'
#' Understanding or obtaining the false omission rate \code{FOR}:
#'
#' \itemize{
#'
#' \item Definition:
#' \code{FOR} is the so-called false omission rate:
#' The conditional probability for the condition being \code{TRUE}
#' given a negative decision:
#'
#' \code{FOR = p(condition = TRUE | decision = negative)}
#'
#' \item Perspective:
#' \code{FOR} further classifies
#' the subset of \code{\link{dec.neg}} individuals
#' by condition (\code{FOR = mi/dec.neg = mi/(mi + cr)}).
#'
#'
#' \item Alternative names:
#' none?
#'
#'
#' \item Relationships:
#'
#' a. \code{FOR} is the complement of the
#' negative predictive value \code{\link{NPV}}:
#'
#' \code{FOR = 1 - NPV}
#'
#' b. \code{FOR} is the opposite conditional probability
#' -- but not the complement --
#' of the miss rate \code{\link{mirt}}
#' (aka. false negative rate \code{FDR}):
#'
#' \code{mirt = p(decision = negative | condition = TRUE)}
#'
#'
#' \item In terms of frequencies,
#' \code{FOR} is the ratio of
#' \code{\link{mi}} divided by \code{\link{dec.neg}}
#' (i.e., \code{\link{mi} + \link{cr}}):
#'
#' \code{NPV = mi/dec.neg = mi/(mi + cr)}
#'
#'
#' \item Dependencies:
#' \code{FOR} is a feature of a decision process
#' or diagnostic procedure and a measure of incorrect
#' decisions (negative decisions that are actually \code{FALSE}).
#'
#' However, due to being a conditional probability,
#' the value of \code{FOR} is not intrinsic to
#' the decision process, but also depends on the
#' condition's prevalence value \code{\link{prev}}.
#'
#' }
#'
#' @references
#' Consult \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values}{Wikipedia} for additional information.
#'
#' @family probabilities
#'
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link{comp_FOR}} computes \code{FOR} as the complement of \code{\link{NPV}};
#' \code{\link{prob}} contains current probability information;
#' \code{\link{comp_prob}} computes current probability information;
#' \code{\link{num}} contains basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{init_num}} initializes basic numeric parameters;
#' \code{\link{comp_freq}} computes current frequency information;
#' \code{\link{is_prob}} verifies probability inputs.
#'
#'
#' @examples
#' FOR <- .05 # => sets a false omission rate of 5%
#' FOR <- 5/100 # => (condition = TRUE) for 5 out of 100 people with (decision = negative)
#' is_prob(FOR) # => TRUE (as FOR is a probability)
FOR <- 1 - NPV # default of false omission rate (FOR)
## -----------------------------------------------
## (+) ToDo:
## - Check all documentation
## (for correctness and consistency).
## -----------------------------------------------
## eof.
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