nsxD | R Documentation |
Generate the B-spline basis matrix for the first derivative of a natural cubic spline (with eXtensions).
nsxD(x, df = NULL, knots = NULL, intercept = FALSE,
Boundary.knots = range(x), derivs = if (cure) c(2, 1) else c(2, 2),
log = FALSE, centre = FALSE,
cure = FALSE, stata.stpm2.compatible = FALSE)
x |
the predictor variable. Missing values are allowed. |
df |
degrees of freedom. One can supply |
knots |
breakpoints that define the spline. The default is no
knots; together with the natural boundary conditions this results in
a basis for linear regression on |
intercept |
if |
Boundary.knots |
boundary points at which to impose the natural
boundary conditions and anchor the B-spline basis (default the range
of the data). If both |
derivs |
an integer vector of length 2 with values between 0 and 2 giving the derivative constraint order at the left and right boundary knots; an order of 2 constrains the second derivative to zero (f”(x)=0); an order of 1 constrains the first and second derivatives to zero (f'(x)=f”(x)=0); an order of 0 constrains the zero, first and second derivatives to zero (f(x)=f'(x)=f”(x)=0) |
log |
a Boolean indicating whether the underlying values have been log transformed; (deprecated: only used to calculate derivatives in rstpm2:::stpm2Old |
centre |
if specified, then centre the splines at this value (i.e. f(centre)=0) (default=FALSE) |
cure |
a Boolean indicated whether to estimate cure; changes the default derivs argument, such that the right boundary has the first and second derivatives constrained to zero; defaults to FALSE |
stata.stpm2.compatible |
a Boolean to determine whether to use Stata stpm's default knot placement; defaults to FALSE |
A matrix of dimension length(x) * df
where either df
was
supplied or if knots
were supplied,
df = length(knots) + 1 + intercept
.
Attributes are returned that correspond to the arguments to ns
,
and explicitly give the knots
, Boundary.knots
etc for
use by predict.nsxD()
.
nsxD()
is based on the functions ns
and spline.des
. It
generates a basis matrix for representing the family of
piecewise-cubic splines with the specified sequence of
interior knots, and the natural boundary conditions. These enforce
the constraint that the function is linear beyond the boundary knots,
which can either be supplied, else default to the extremes of the
data. A primary use is in modeling formula to directly specify a
natural spline term in a model.
The extensions from ns
are: specification of the
derivative constraints at the boundary knots; whether to centre the
knots; incorporation of cure using derivatives; compatible knots
with Stata's stpm2; and an indicator for a log-transformation of
x
for calculating derivatives.
Hastie, T. J. (1992) Generalized additive models. Chapter 7 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
ns
, bs
, predict.nsx
, SafePrediction
require(stats); require(graphics); require(splines)
nsx(women$height, df = 5)
summary(fm1 <- lm(weight ~ ns(height, df = 5), data = women))
## example of safe prediction
plot(women, xlab = "Height (in)", ylab = "Weight (lb)")
ht <- seq(57, 73, length.out = 200)
lines(ht, predict(fm1, data.frame(height=ht)))
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