# Penalized Smooth/Smoothing Spline Regression.

### Description

This function provides an estimate of the non-parameteric regression function using smoothing splines.

### Usage

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 smooth.pen.reg(x, y, lambda, w = NULL, agcv = FALSE, agcv.iter = 100, ...) ## Default S3 method: smooth.pen.reg(x, y, lambda, w = NULL, agcv = FALSE, agcv.iter = 100, ...) ## S3 method for class 'smooth.pen.reg' plot(x,...) ## S3 method for class 'smooth.pen.reg' print(x,...) ## S3 method for class 'smooth.pen.reg' predict(object, newdata = NULL, deriv = 0, ...) 

### Arguments

 x a numeric vector giving the values of the predictor variable. For functions plot and print, ‘x’ is an object of class ‘smooth.pen.reg’. y a numeric vector giving the values of the response variable. lambda a numeric value giving the penalty value. w an optional numeric vector of the same length as x; Defaults to all 1. agcv a logical denoting if an estimate of generalized cross-validation is needed. agcv.iter a numeric denoting the number of random vectors used to estimate the GCV. See details. ... additional arguments. object An object of class ‘smooth.pen.reg’. newdata a matrix of new data points in the predict function. deriv a numeric either 0 or 1 representing which derivative to evaluate.

### Details

The function minimizes

∑_{i=1}^n w_i(y_i - f(x_i))^2 + λ\int\{f''(x)\}^2dx

without any constraint on f. This function implements in R the algorithm noted in Green and Silverman (1994). The function smooth.spline in R is not suitable for single index model estimation as it chooses λ using GCV by default. plot function provides the scatterplot along with fitted curve; it also includes some diagnostic plots for residuals. Predict function now allows computation of the first derivative. Calculation of generalized cross-validation requires the computation of diagonal elements of the hat matrix involved which is cumbersone and is computationally expensive (and also is unstable). smooth.Pspline of pspline package provides the GCV criterion value which matches the usual GCV when all the weights are equal to 1 but is not clear what it is for weights unequal. We use an estimate of GCV (formula of which is given in Green and Silverman (1994)) proposed by Girard which is very stable and computationally cheap. For more details about this randomized GCV, see Girard (1989).

### Value

An object of class ‘smooth.pen.reg’, basically a list including the elements

 x.values sorted ‘x’ values provided as input. y.values corresponding ‘y’ values in input. fit.values corresponding fit values of same length as that of ‘x.values’. deriv corresponding values of the derivative of same length as that of ‘x.values’. iter Always set to 1. residuals residuals obtained from the fit. minvalue minimum value of the objective function attained. convergence Always set to 0. agcv.score Asymptotic GCV approximation. Proposed in Silverman (1982) as a computationally fast approximation to GCV. splinefun An object of class ‘smooth.spline’ needed for predict.

### Author(s)

Arun Kumar Kuchibhotla, arunku@wharton.upenn.edu.

### Source

Green, P. J. and Silverman, B. W. (1994) Non-parametric Regression and Generalized Linear Models: A Roughness Penalty Approach. Chapman and Hall.

Girard, D. A. (1989) A Fast ' Monte-Carlo Cross-Validation' Procedure for Large Least Squares Problems with Noisy Data. Numerische Mathematik, 56, 1-23.

### Examples

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 args(smooth.pen.reg) x <- runif(50,-1,1) y <- x^2 + rnorm(50,0,0.3) tmp <- smooth.pen.reg(x, y, lambda = 0.01, agcv = TRUE) print(tmp) plot(tmp) predict(tmp, newdata = rnorm(10,0,0.1)) 

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