Description Usage Arguments Details Value References Examples
Helper function to generate a LensPolyCoef
needed to make a ZenithImage
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | lensPolyCoef(x)
## S4 method for signature 'numeric'
lensPolyCoef(x)
## S4 method for signature 'missing'
lensPolyCoef(x)
|
x |
numeric or missing. Coefficient of the polynomial function. First
number corresponds to the term powered to |
A projection method is required to visually represent the reality in a flat surface. A natural looking picture can be made with a central perspective projection model restricted to the cone of vision of an average person (looking with one eye), which has more or less 50 degrees. This is achieved using cameras with focal length of about 50 mm. For more detail see a good perspective drawing book. In fisheye lens the focal length is about 7-8 mm. The path of all the light rays that go through the camera diaphragm can be barely imagined as a very wide cone, so the term field of view is used instead of cone of vision. The standard fisheye lens has 180 degrees field of view, which represents a complete hemisphere. There is a variety of models that can be used to mathematically project a 180 degrees field of view into a plane, such as: orthographic, equisolid angle, equidistant, stereographic and the previously mentioned central perspective. This models relate zenith angle with relative radius. The zenith is an imaginary point directly above a location. The location is represented as a point in the tridimensional space. The straight line that contains the location point and the zenith is a perfect vertical. The angle between this vertical line and any other line that pass though the location point is the zenith angle.
In looking upward leveled hemispherical photography, the zenith is the
center of a circle which perimeter is the horizon. This is true only if the
lens field of view is 180 degrees. The relative radius is the radius of
concentric circles expressed as a fraction of the radius that belong to the
circle that has the horizon as perimeter. The equidistant model, also
called polar, is the most widely used as a standard reference. Real lens
can approximate the projection models but they always have some kind of
distortion. In the equidistant model the relation between zenith angle and
relative radius is modeled with a straight line. In caiman
, a
polynomial curve is used to model lens distortion. This kind of model is
used by the software HemiView and Hemisphere, both are proprietary software
currently available in the market. A third-order polynomial is sufficient
in most cases (Frazer et al., 2001).
LensPolyCoef
.
Frazer, G. W., Fournier, R. A., Trofymow, J. A., & Hall, R. J. (2001). A comparison of digital and film fisheye photography for analysisof forest canopy structure and gap light transmission. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 109, 249-263.
Inoue, A., Yamamoto, K., Mizoue, N., Kawahara, Y., 2004. Calibrating view angle and lens distortion of the Nikon fish-eye converter FC-E8. J. For. Res. 9, 177-181. DOI: 10.1007/s10310-003-0073-8
Kannala, J., Brandt, S.S., 2006. A generic camera model and calibration method for conventional, wide-angle, and fish-eye lenses. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28, 1335-1340. DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2006.153
Roberson, S., Bertling, T., 2013. How to Draw: drawing and sketching objects and environments from your imagination. Design Studio Press.
Schneider, D., Schwalbe, E., Maas, H.-G., 2009. Validation of geometric models for fisheye lenses. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 64, 259-266. DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.01.001
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 | # polar projection
x <- lensPolyCoef()
x
# Lens coefficients for:
# Nikon Coolpix 5700 camera with FC-E9 converter.
## Extracted from Hemisfer software
lensPolyCoef(c(0.6427, 0.0346, -0.024491))
# Nikon Coolpix 5700 camera with FC-E8 converter.
## Extracted from Hemisfer software
lensPolyCoef(c(0.681, -0.028253))
# Nikkor 8mm fisheye lens.
## Extracted from Hemisfer software
lensPolyCoef(c(0.9192, -0.1792, -0.000443))
# Nikkor 10mm fisheye lens.
## Extracted from Hemisfer software
lensPolyCoef(c(1.0168, -0.0573, -0.117603))
# Soligor fisheye adapter Sony DCW.
## Extracted from Hemisfer software
lensPolyCoef(c(0.677923, -0.029481, -0.022084, 0.041495, -0.016644))
# AF Fisheye Nikkor 10.5 mm lens and
## Pekin, B., Macfarlane, C., 2009. Measurement of Crown Cover and Leaf Area
## Index Using Digital Cover Photography and Its Application to Remote Sensing.
## Remote Sens. 1, 1298-1320. doi:10.3390/rs1041298
lensPolyCoef(c(1.13, 0.00798, -0.138))
|
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