dist.Wishart: Wishart Distribution

In LaplacesDemonR/LaplacesDemonCpp: C++ Extension for LaplacesDemon

Description

These functions provide the density and random number generation for the Wishart distribution.

Usage

   dwishart(Omega, nu, S, log=FALSE)
   rwishart(nu, S)

Arguments

Omega	This is the symmetric, positive-definite k x k matrix Omega.
nu	This is the scalar degrees of freedom nu.
S	This is the symmetric, positive-semidefinite, k x k scale matrix S.
log	Logical. If log=TRUE, then the logarithm of the density is returned.

Details

• Application: Continuous Multivariate

• Density: p(theta) = (2^(nu*k/2) * pi^(k(k-1)/4) * [Gamma((nu+1-i)/2) * ... * Gamma((nu+1-k)/2)])^(-1) * |S|^(-nu/2) * |Omega|^((nu-k-1)/2) * exp(-(1/2) * tr(S^(-1) Omega))

• Inventor: John Wishart (1928)

• Notation 1: Omega ~ W[nu](S)

• Notation 2: p(Omega) = W[nu](Omega | S)

• Parameter 1: degrees of freedom nu >= k

• Parameter 2: symmetric, positive-semidefinite k x k scale matrix S

• Mean: E(Omega) = nuS

• Variance: var(Omega) = nu(S[i,j]^2 + S[i,i]S[j,j])

• Mode: mode(Omega) = (nu-k-1)S, for nu >= k + 1

The Wishart distribution is a generalization to multiple dimensions of the chi-square distribution, or, in the case of non-integer degrees of freedom, of the gamma distribution. However, the Wishart distribution is not called the multivariate chi-squared distribution because the marginal distribution of the off-diagonal elements is not chi-squared.

The Wishart is the conjugate prior distribution for the precision matrix Omega, the inverse of which (covariance matrix Sigma) is used in a multivariate normal distribution.

The integral is finite when nu >= k, where nu is the scalar degrees of freedom parameter, and k is the dimension of scale matrix S. The density is finite when nu >= k + 1, which is recommended.

The degrees of freedom, nu, is equivalent to specifying a prior sample size, indicating the confidence in S, where S is a prior guess at the order of covariance matrix Sigma. A flat prior distribution is obtained as nu -> 0.

When applicable, the alternative Cholesky parameterization should be preferred. For more information, see dwishartc.

The Wishart prior lacks flexibility, having only one parameter, nu, to control the variability for all k(k + 1)/2 elements. Popular choices for the scale matrix S include an identity matrix or sample covariance matrix. When the model sample size is small, the specification of the scale matrix can be influential.

One of many alternatives is to use hierarchical priors, in which the main diagonal of the (identity) scale matrix and the degrees of freedom are treated as unknowns (Bouriga and Feron, 2011; Daniels and Kass, 1999). A hierarchical Wishart prior provides shrinkage toward diagonality. Another alternative is to abandon the Wishart distribution altogether for the more flexible method of Barnard et al. (2000) or the horseshoe distribution (dhs) for sparse covariance matrices.

Value

dwishart gives the density and rwishart generates random deviates.

References

Barnard, J., McCulloch, R., and Meng, X. (2000). "Modeling Covariance Matrices in Terms of Standard Deviations and Correlations, with Application to Shrinkage". Statistica Sinica, 10, p. 1281–1311.

Bouriga, M. and Feron, O. (2011). "Estimation of Covariance Matrices Based on Hierarchical Inverse-Wishart Priors". URL: http://www.citebase.org/abstract?id=oai:arXiv.org:1106.3203.

Daniels, M., and Kass, R. (1999). "Nonconjugate Bayesian Estimation of Covariance Matrices and its use in Hierarchical Models". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94 (448), p. 1254–1263.

Wishart, J. (1928). "The Generalised Product Moment Distribution in Samples from a Normal Multivariate Population". Biometrika, 20A(1-2), p. 32–52.

See Also

dchisq, dhs, dgamma, dinvwishart, dmvn, dwishartc, and Prec2Cov.

Examples

library(LaplacesDemonCpp)
x <- dwishart(matrix(c(2,-.3,-.3,4),2,2), 3, matrix(c(1,.1,.1,1),2,2))
x <- rwishart(3, matrix(c(1,.1,.1,1),2,2))

LaplacesDemonR/LaplacesDemonCpp documentation built on May 7, 2019, 12:43 p.m.