column_string_functions: String functions for Column operations
In danzafar/tidyspark: A Tidy Interface to Spark
Description
Usage
Arguments
Details
Note
Examples
Description
String functions defined for Column.
Usage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
ascii(x)
base64(x)
concat_ws(sep, x, ...)
decode(x, charset)
encode(x, charset)
format_number(y, x)
format_string(format, x, ...)
initcap(x)
instr(y, x)
levenshtein(y, x)
locate(substr, str, ...)
lower(x)
lpad(x, len, pad)
ltrim(x, trimString)
regexp_extract(x, pattern, idx)
regexp_replace(x, pattern, replacement)
repeat_string(x, n)
rpad(x, len, pad)
rtrim(x, trimString)
split_string(x, pattern)
soundex(x)
substring_index(x, delim, count)
translate(x, matchingString, replaceString)
trim(x, trimString)
unbase64(x)
upper(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
ascii(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
base64(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
decode(x, charset)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
encode(x, charset)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
initcap(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
length(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
lower(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,missing'
ltrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
ltrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,missing'
rtrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
rtrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
soundex(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,missing'
trim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
trim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
unbase64(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
upper(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
levenshtein(y, x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
instr(y, x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric'
format_number(y, x)
## S4 method for signature 'character,Column'
concat_ws(sep, x, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'character,Column'
format_string(format, x, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'character,Column'
locate(substr, str, pos = 1)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric,character'
lpad(x, len, pad)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,numeric'
regexp_extract(x, pattern, idx)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,character'
regexp_replace(x, pattern, replacement)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric,character'
rpad(x, len, pad)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,numeric'
substring_index(x, delim, count)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,character'
translate(x, matchingString, replaceString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
split_string(x, pattern)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric'
repeat_string(x, n)
Arguments
x
Column to compute on except in the following methods:
-
instr: character, the substring to check. See 'Details'.
-
format_number: numeric, the number of decimal place to
format to. See 'Details'.
sep
separator to use.
...
additional Columns.
charset
character set to use (one of "US-ASCII", "ISO-8859-1",
"UTF-8", "UTF-16BE", "UTF-16LE", "UTF-16").
y
Column to compute on.
format
a character object of format strings.
substr
a character string to be matched.
str
a Column where matches are sought for each entry.
len
maximum length of each output result.
pad
a character string to be padded with.
trimString
a character string to trim with
pattern
a regular expression.
idx
a group index.
replacement
a character string that a matched pattern is
replaced with.
n
number of repetitions.
delim
a delimiter string.
count
number of occurrences of delim before the substring is
returned. A positive number means counting from the left, while
negative means counting from the right.
matchingString
a source string where each character will be translated.
replaceString
a target string where each matchingString
character will be replaced by the character in
replaceString at the same location, if any.
pos
start position of search.
Details
ascii: Computes the numeric value of the first character of the
string column, and returns the result as an int column.
base64: Computes the BASE64 encoding of a binary column and returns
it as a string column. This is the reverse of unbase64.
decode: Computes the first argument into a string from a binary
using the provided character set.
encode: Computes the first argument into a binary from a string
using the provided character set.
initcap: Returns a new string column by converting the first letter of
each word to uppercase. Words are delimited by whitespace. For example, "hello world"
will become "Hello World".
length: Computes the character length of a string data or number of bytes
of a binary data. The length of string data includes the trailing spaces.
The length of binary data includes binary zeros.
lower: Converts a string column to lower case.
ltrim: Trims the spaces from left end for the specified string value.
Optionally a
trimString can be specified.
rtrim: Trims the spaces from right end for the specified string value.
Optionally a trimString can be specified.
soundex: Returns the soundex code for the specified expression.
trim: Trims the spaces from both ends for the specified string
column. Optionally a trimString can be specified.
unbase64: Decodes a BASE64 encoded string column and returns it as
a binary column. This is the reverse of base64.
upper: Converts a string column to upper case.
levenshtein: Computes the Levenshtein distance of the two given
string columns.
instr: Locates the position of the first occurrence of a substring
(x) in the given string column (y). Returns null if either of
the arguments are null. Note: The position is not zero based, but 1 based
index. Returns 0 if the substring could not be found in the string column.
format_number: Formats numeric column y to a format like
'#,###,###.##', rounded to x decimal places with HALF_EVEN round
mode, and returns the result as a string column.
If x is 0, the result has no decimal point or fractional part.
If x < 0, the result will be null.
concat_ws: Concatenates multiple input string columns together into a
single string column, using the given separator.
format_string: Formats the arguments in printf-style and returns the
result as a string column.
locate: Locates the position of the first occurrence of substr.
Note: The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if substr
could not be found in str.
lpad: Left-padded with pad to a length of len.
regexp_extract: Extracts a specific idx group identified by a
Java regex, from the specified string column. If the regex did not match, or
the specified group did not match, an empty string is returned.
regexp_replace: Replaces all substrings of the specified string value
that match regexp with rep.
rpad: Right-padded with pad to a length of len.
substring_index: Returns the substring from string (x) before
count occurrences of the delimiter (delim). If count is
positive, everything the left of the final delimiter (counting from left) is
returned. If count is negative, every to the right of the final
delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. substring_index
performs a case-sensitive match when searching for the delimiter.
translate: Translates any character in the src by a character in
replaceString. The characters in replaceString is corresponding to the
characters in matchingString. The translate will happen when any character
in the string matching with the character in the matchingString.
split_string: Splits string on regular expression.
Equivalent to split SQL function.
repeat_string: Repeats string n times.
Equivalent to repeat SQL function.
Note
ascii since 1.5.0
base64 since 1.5.0
decode since 1.6.0
encode since 1.6.0
initcap since 1.5.0
length since 1.5.0
lower since 1.4.0
ltrim since 1.5.0
ltrim(Column, character) since 2.3.0
rtrim since 1.5.0
rtrim(Column, character) since 2.3.0
soundex since 1.5.0
trim since 1.5.0
trim(Column, character) since 2.3.0
unbase64 since 1.5.0
upper since 1.4.0
levenshtein since 1.5.0
instr since 1.5.0
format_number since 1.5.0
concat_ws since 1.5.0
format_string since 1.5.0
locate since 1.5.0
lpad since 1.5.0
regexp_extract since 1.5.0
regexp_replace since 1.5.0
rpad since 1.5.0
substring_index since 1.5.0
translate since 1.5.0
split_string 2.3.0
repeat_string since 2.3.0
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
## Not run:
# Dataframe used throughout this doc
df <- createDataFrame(as.data.frame(Titanic, stringsAsFactors = FALSE))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
head(select(df, ascii(df$Class), ascii(df$Sex)))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = encode(df$Class, "UTF-8"))
str(tmp)
tmp2 <- mutate(tmp, s2 = base64(tmp$s1), s3 = decode(tmp$s1, "UTF-8"),
s4 = soundex(tmp$Sex))
head(tmp2)
head(select(tmp2, unbase64(tmp2$s2)))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, sex_lower = lower(df$Sex), age_upper = upper(df$age),
sex_age = concat_ws(" ", lower(df$sex), lower(df$age)))
head(tmp)
tmp2 <- mutate(tmp, s1 = initcap(tmp$sex_lower), s2 = initcap(tmp$sex_age),
s3 = reverse(df$Sex))
head(tmp2)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, SexLpad = lpad(df$Sex, 6, " "), SexRpad = rpad(df$Sex, 7, " "))
head(select(tmp, length(tmp$Sex), length(tmp$SexLpad), length(tmp$SexRpad)))
tmp2 <- mutate(tmp, SexLtrim = ltrim(tmp$SexLpad), SexRtrim = rtrim(tmp$SexRpad),
SexTrim = trim(tmp$SexLpad))
head(select(tmp2, length(tmp2$Sex), length(tmp2$SexLtrim),
length(tmp2$SexRtrim), length(tmp2$SexTrim)))
tmp <- mutate(df, SexLpad = lpad(df$Sex, 6, "xx"), SexRpad = rpad(df$Sex, 7, "xx"))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, d1 = levenshtein(df$Class, df$Sex),
d2 = levenshtein(df$Age, df$Sex),
d3 = levenshtein(df$Age, df$Age))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = instr(df$Sex, "m"),
s2 = instr(df$Sex, "M"),
s3 = locate("m", df$Sex),
s4 = locate("m", df$Sex, pos = 4))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, v1 = df$Freq/3)
head(select(tmp, format_number(tmp$v1, 0), format_number(tmp$v1, 2),
format_string("%4.2f %s", tmp$v1, tmp$Sex)), 10)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
# concatenate strings
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = concat_ws("_", df$Class, df$Sex),
s2 = concat_ws("+", df$Class, df$Sex, df$Age, df$Survived))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = regexp_extract(df$Class, "(\\d+)\\w+", 1),
s2 = regexp_extract(df$Sex, "^(\\w)\\w+", 1),
s3 = regexp_replace(df$Class, "\\D+", ""),
s4 = substring_index(df$Sex, "a", 1),
s5 = substring_index(df$Sex, "a", -1),
s6 = translate(df$Sex, "ale", ""),
s7 = translate(df$Sex, "a", "-"))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
head(select(df, split_string(df$Sex, "a")))
head(select(df, split_string(df$Class, "\\d")))
# This is equivalent to the following SQL expression
head(selectExpr(df, "split(Class, '\\\\d')"))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
head(select(df, repeat_string(df$Class, 3)))
# This is equivalent to the following SQL expression
head(selectExpr(df, "repeat(Class, 3)"))
## End(Not run)
danzafar/tidyspark documentation built on Sept. 30, 2020, 12:19 p.m.
R Package Documentation
Browse R Packages
We want your feedback!
Note that we can't provide technical support on individual packages. You should contact the package authors for that.
Description Usage Arguments Details Note Examples
Description
String functions defined for Column.
Usage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 | ascii(x)
base64(x)
concat_ws(sep, x, ...)
decode(x, charset)
encode(x, charset)
format_number(y, x)
format_string(format, x, ...)
initcap(x)
instr(y, x)
levenshtein(y, x)
locate(substr, str, ...)
lower(x)
lpad(x, len, pad)
ltrim(x, trimString)
regexp_extract(x, pattern, idx)
regexp_replace(x, pattern, replacement)
repeat_string(x, n)
rpad(x, len, pad)
rtrim(x, trimString)
split_string(x, pattern)
soundex(x)
substring_index(x, delim, count)
translate(x, matchingString, replaceString)
trim(x, trimString)
unbase64(x)
upper(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
ascii(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
base64(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
decode(x, charset)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
encode(x, charset)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
initcap(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
length(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
lower(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,missing'
ltrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
ltrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,missing'
rtrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
rtrim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
soundex(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,missing'
trim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
trim(x, trimString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
unbase64(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
upper(x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column'
levenshtein(y, x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
instr(y, x)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric'
format_number(y, x)
## S4 method for signature 'character,Column'
concat_ws(sep, x, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'character,Column'
format_string(format, x, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'character,Column'
locate(substr, str, pos = 1)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric,character'
lpad(x, len, pad)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,numeric'
regexp_extract(x, pattern, idx)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,character'
regexp_replace(x, pattern, replacement)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric,character'
rpad(x, len, pad)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,numeric'
substring_index(x, delim, count)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character,character'
translate(x, matchingString, replaceString)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,character'
split_string(x, pattern)
## S4 method for signature 'Column,numeric'
repeat_string(x, n)
|
Arguments
x |
Column to compute on except in the following methods:
|
sep |
separator to use. |
... |
additional Columns. |
charset |
character set to use (one of "US-ASCII", "ISO-8859-1", "UTF-8", "UTF-16BE", "UTF-16LE", "UTF-16"). |
y |
Column to compute on. |
format |
a character object of format strings. |
substr |
a character string to be matched. |
str |
a Column where matches are sought for each entry. |
len |
maximum length of each output result. |
pad |
a character string to be padded with. |
trimString |
a character string to trim with |
pattern |
a regular expression. |
idx |
a group index. |
replacement |
a character string that a matched |
n |
number of repetitions. |
delim |
a delimiter string. |
count |
number of occurrences of |
matchingString |
a source string where each character will be translated. |
replaceString |
a target string where each |
pos |
start position of search. |
Details
ascii: Computes the numeric value of the first character of the
string column, and returns the result as an int column.
base64: Computes the BASE64 encoding of a binary column and returns
it as a string column. This is the reverse of unbase64.
decode: Computes the first argument into a string from a binary
using the provided character set.
encode: Computes the first argument into a binary from a string
using the provided character set.
initcap: Returns a new string column by converting the first letter of
each word to uppercase. Words are delimited by whitespace. For example, "hello world"
will become "Hello World".
length: Computes the character length of a string data or number of bytes
of a binary data. The length of string data includes the trailing spaces.
The length of binary data includes binary zeros.
lower: Converts a string column to lower case.
ltrim: Trims the spaces from left end for the specified string value.
Optionally a
trimString can be specified.
rtrim: Trims the spaces from right end for the specified string value.
Optionally a trimString can be specified.
soundex: Returns the soundex code for the specified expression.
trim: Trims the spaces from both ends for the specified string
column. Optionally a trimString can be specified.
unbase64: Decodes a BASE64 encoded string column and returns it as
a binary column. This is the reverse of base64.
upper: Converts a string column to upper case.
levenshtein: Computes the Levenshtein distance of the two given
string columns.
instr: Locates the position of the first occurrence of a substring
(x) in the given string column (y). Returns null if either of
the arguments are null. Note: The position is not zero based, but 1 based
index. Returns 0 if the substring could not be found in the string column.
format_number: Formats numeric column y to a format like
'#,###,###.##', rounded to x decimal places with HALF_EVEN round
mode, and returns the result as a string column.
If x is 0, the result has no decimal point or fractional part.
If x < 0, the result will be null.
concat_ws: Concatenates multiple input string columns together into a
single string column, using the given separator.
format_string: Formats the arguments in printf-style and returns the
result as a string column.
locate: Locates the position of the first occurrence of substr.
Note: The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if substr
could not be found in str.
lpad: Left-padded with pad to a length of len.
regexp_extract: Extracts a specific idx group identified by a
Java regex, from the specified string column. If the regex did not match, or
the specified group did not match, an empty string is returned.
regexp_replace: Replaces all substrings of the specified string value
that match regexp with rep.
rpad: Right-padded with pad to a length of len.
substring_index: Returns the substring from string (x) before
count occurrences of the delimiter (delim). If count is
positive, everything the left of the final delimiter (counting from left) is
returned. If count is negative, every to the right of the final
delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. substring_index
performs a case-sensitive match when searching for the delimiter.
translate: Translates any character in the src by a character in
replaceString. The characters in replaceString is corresponding to the
characters in matchingString. The translate will happen when any character
in the string matching with the character in the matchingString.
split_string: Splits string on regular expression.
Equivalent to split SQL function.
repeat_string: Repeats string n times.
Equivalent to repeat SQL function.
Note
ascii since 1.5.0
base64 since 1.5.0
decode since 1.6.0
encode since 1.6.0
initcap since 1.5.0
length since 1.5.0
lower since 1.4.0
ltrim since 1.5.0
ltrim(Column, character) since 2.3.0
rtrim since 1.5.0
rtrim(Column, character) since 2.3.0
soundex since 1.5.0
trim since 1.5.0
trim(Column, character) since 2.3.0
unbase64 since 1.5.0
upper since 1.4.0
levenshtein since 1.5.0
instr since 1.5.0
format_number since 1.5.0
concat_ws since 1.5.0
format_string since 1.5.0
locate since 1.5.0
lpad since 1.5.0
regexp_extract since 1.5.0
regexp_replace since 1.5.0
rpad since 1.5.0
substring_index since 1.5.0
translate since 1.5.0
split_string 2.3.0
repeat_string since 2.3.0
Examples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 | ## Not run:
# Dataframe used throughout this doc
df <- createDataFrame(as.data.frame(Titanic, stringsAsFactors = FALSE))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
head(select(df, ascii(df$Class), ascii(df$Sex)))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = encode(df$Class, "UTF-8"))
str(tmp)
tmp2 <- mutate(tmp, s2 = base64(tmp$s1), s3 = decode(tmp$s1, "UTF-8"),
s4 = soundex(tmp$Sex))
head(tmp2)
head(select(tmp2, unbase64(tmp2$s2)))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, sex_lower = lower(df$Sex), age_upper = upper(df$age),
sex_age = concat_ws(" ", lower(df$sex), lower(df$age)))
head(tmp)
tmp2 <- mutate(tmp, s1 = initcap(tmp$sex_lower), s2 = initcap(tmp$sex_age),
s3 = reverse(df$Sex))
head(tmp2)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, SexLpad = lpad(df$Sex, 6, " "), SexRpad = rpad(df$Sex, 7, " "))
head(select(tmp, length(tmp$Sex), length(tmp$SexLpad), length(tmp$SexRpad)))
tmp2 <- mutate(tmp, SexLtrim = ltrim(tmp$SexLpad), SexRtrim = rtrim(tmp$SexRpad),
SexTrim = trim(tmp$SexLpad))
head(select(tmp2, length(tmp2$Sex), length(tmp2$SexLtrim),
length(tmp2$SexRtrim), length(tmp2$SexTrim)))
tmp <- mutate(df, SexLpad = lpad(df$Sex, 6, "xx"), SexRpad = rpad(df$Sex, 7, "xx"))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, d1 = levenshtein(df$Class, df$Sex),
d2 = levenshtein(df$Age, df$Sex),
d3 = levenshtein(df$Age, df$Age))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = instr(df$Sex, "m"),
s2 = instr(df$Sex, "M"),
s3 = locate("m", df$Sex),
s4 = locate("m", df$Sex, pos = 4))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, v1 = df$Freq/3)
head(select(tmp, format_number(tmp$v1, 0), format_number(tmp$v1, 2),
format_string("%4.2f %s", tmp$v1, tmp$Sex)), 10)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
# concatenate strings
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = concat_ws("_", df$Class, df$Sex),
s2 = concat_ws("+", df$Class, df$Sex, df$Age, df$Survived))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
tmp <- mutate(df, s1 = regexp_extract(df$Class, "(\\d+)\\w+", 1),
s2 = regexp_extract(df$Sex, "^(\\w)\\w+", 1),
s3 = regexp_replace(df$Class, "\\D+", ""),
s4 = substring_index(df$Sex, "a", 1),
s5 = substring_index(df$Sex, "a", -1),
s6 = translate(df$Sex, "ale", ""),
s7 = translate(df$Sex, "a", "-"))
head(tmp)
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
head(select(df, split_string(df$Sex, "a")))
head(select(df, split_string(df$Class, "\\d")))
# This is equivalent to the following SQL expression
head(selectExpr(df, "split(Class, '\\\\d')"))
## End(Not run)
## Not run:
head(select(df, repeat_string(df$Class, 3)))
# This is equivalent to the following SQL expression
head(selectExpr(df, "repeat(Class, 3)"))
## End(Not run)
|
R Package Documentation
Browse R Packages
We want your feedback!
Note that we can't provide technical support on individual packages. You should contact the package authors for that.
Embedding an R snippet on your website
Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.