Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References See Also Examples
Theil-Sen slope estimates and tests for trend.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | TheilSen(mydata, pollutant = "nox", deseason = FALSE, type = "default",
avg.time = "month", statistic = "mean", percentile = NA,
data.thresh = 0, alpha = 0.05, size = 3, dec.place = 2,
xlab = "year", lab.frac = 0.99, lab.cex = 0.8, x.relation = "same",
y.relation = "same", data.col = "grey40", trend = list(lty = c(1, 5),
lwd = c(2, 1), col = c("dodgerblue", "darkorange")), text.col = "darkgreen",
slope.text = NULL, cols = NULL, auto.text = TRUE, autocor = FALSE,
slope.percent = FALSE, date.breaks = 7, ...)
|
mydata |
A data frame containing the field |
pollutant |
The parameter for which a trend test is required. Mandatory. |
deseason |
Should the data be de-deasonalized first? If
|
type |
It is also possible to choose Type can be up length two e.g. |
avg.time |
Can be “month” (the default), “season” or “year”. Determines the time over which data should be averaged. Note that for “year”, six or more years are required. For “season” the data are split up into spring: March, April, May etc. Note that December is considered as belonging to winter of the following year. |
statistic |
Statistic used for calculating monthly values.
Default is “mean”, but can also be “percentile”.
See |
percentile |
Single percentile value to use if
|
data.thresh |
The data capture threshold to use (
aggregating the data using |
alpha |
For the confidence interval calculations of the slope. The default is 0.05. To show 99% confidence intervals for the value of the trend, choose alpha = 0.01 etc. |
size |
Size of plotting symbol to use. |
dec.place |
The number of decimal places to display the trend estimate at. The default is 2. |
xlab |
x-axis label, by default |
lab.frac |
Fraction along the y-axis that the trend information should be printed at, default 0.99. |
lab.cex |
Size of text for trend information. |
x.relation |
This determines how the x-axis scale is plotted. “same” ensures all panels use the same scale and “free” will use panel-specfic scales. The latter is a useful setting when plotting data with very different values. |
y.relation |
This determines how the y-axis scale is plotted. “same” ensures all panels use the same scale and “free” will use panel-specfic scales. The latter is a useful setting when plotting data with very different values. |
data.col |
Colour name for the data |
trend |
list containing information on the line width, line type and line colour for the main trend line and confidence intervals respectively. |
text.col |
Colour name for the slope/uncertainty numeric estimates |
slope.text |
The text shown for the slope (default is ‘units/year’). |
cols |
Predefined colour scheme, currently only enabled for
|
auto.text |
Either |
autocor |
Should autocorrelation be considered in the trend
uncertainty estimates? The default is |
slope.percent |
Should the slope and the slope uncertainties
be expressed as a percentage change per year? The default is
For |
date.breaks |
Number of major x-axis intervals to use. The
function will try and choose a sensible number of dates/times as
well as formatting the date/time appropriately to the range
being considered. This does not always work as desired
automatically. The user can therefore increase or decrease the
number of intervals by adjusting the value of |
... |
Other graphical parameters passed onto |
The TheilSen
function provides a collection of functions to
analyse trends in air pollution data. The TheilSen
function
is flexible in the sense that it can be applied to data in many
ways e.g. by day of the week, hour of day and wind direction. This
flexibility makes it much easier to draw inferences from data
e.g. why is there a strong downward trend in concentration from
one wind sector and not another, or why trends on one day of the
week or a certain time of day are unexpected.
For data that are strongly seasonal, perhaps from a background
site, or a pollutant such as ozone, it will be important to
deseasonalise the data (using the option deseason =
TRUE
.Similarly, for data that increase, then decrease, or show
sharp changes it may be better to use smoothTrend
.
A minimum of 6 points are required for trend estimates to be made.
Note! that since version 0.5-11 openair uses Theil-Sen to derive the p values also for the slope. This is to ensure there is consistency between the calculated p value and other trend parameters i.e. slope estimates and uncertainties. The p value and all uncertainties are calculated through bootstrap simulations.
Note that the symbols shown next to each trend estimate relate to how statistically significant the trend estimate is: p $<$ 0.001 = ***, p $<$ 0.01 = **, p $<$ 0.05 = * and p $<$ 0.1 = $+$.
Some of the code used in TheilSen
is based on that from
Rand Wilcox http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~rwilcox/. This mostly
relates to the Theil-Sen slope estimates and uncertainties.
Further modifications have been made to take account of correlated
data based on Kunsch (1989). The basic function has been adapted
to take account of auto-correlated data using block bootstrap
simulations if autocor = TRUE
(Kunsch, 1989). We follow the
suggestion of Kunsch (1989) of setting the block length to n(1/3)
where n is the length of the time series.
The slope estimate and confidence intervals in the slope are plotted and numerical information presented.
As well as generating the plot itself, TheilSen
also returns an object of class “openair”. The object includes
three main components: call
, the command used to generate
the plot; data
, the data frame of summarised information
used to make the plot; and plot
, the plot itself. If
retained, e.g. using output <- TheilSen(mydata, "nox")
,
this output can be used to recover the data, reproduce or rework
the original plot or undertake further analysis.
An openair output can be manipulated using a number of generic
operations, including print
, plot
and
summary
.
The data
component of the TheilSen
output includes
two subsets: main.data
, the monthly data res2
the
trend statistics. For output <- TheilSen(mydata, "nox")
,
these can be extracted as object$data$main.data
and
object$data$res2
, respectively.
Note: In the case of the intercept, it is assumed the y-axis crosses the x-axis on 1/1/1970.
David Carslaw with some trend code from Rand Wilcox
Helsel, D., Hirsch, R., 2002. Statistical methods in water resources. US Geological Survey. http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri4a3/. Note that this is a very good resource for statistics as applied to environmental data.
Hirsch, R. M., Slack, J. R., Smith, R. A., 1982. Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water-quality data. Water Resources Research 18 (1), 107-121.
Kunsch, H. R., 1989. The jackknife and the bootstrap for general stationary observations. Annals of Statistics 17 (3), 1217-1241.
Sen, P. K., 1968. Estimates of regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association 63(324).
Theil, H., 1950. A rank invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis, i, ii, iii. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Wetenschappen, Series A - Mathematical Sciences 53, 386-392, 521-525, 1397-1412.
... see also several of the Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) reports for the use of similar tests applied to UK/European air quality data, see http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/aqeg/.
See smoothTrend
for a flexible approach to
estimating trends using nonparametric regression. The smoothTrend
function is suitable for cases where trends are not monotonic and is
probably better for exploring the shape of trends.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | # load example data from package
data(mydata)
# trend plot for nox
TheilSen(mydata, pollutant = "nox")
# trend plot for ozone with p=0.01 i.e. uncertainty in slope shown at
# 99 % confidence interval
## Not run: TheilSen(mydata, pollutant = "o3", ylab = "o3 (ppb)", alpha = 0.01)
# trend plot by each of 8 wind sectors
## Not run: TheilSen(mydata, pollutant = "o3", type = "wd", ylab = "o3 (ppb)")
# and for a subset of data (from year 2000 onwards)
## Not run: TheilSen(selectByDate(mydata, year = 2000:2005), pollutant = "o3", ylab = "o3 (ppb)")
|
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