In openpharma/visR: Clinical Graphs and Tables Adhering to Graphical Principles

knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>"
)

Introduction

This tutorial illustrates a typical use case in clinical development - the analysis of time to a certain event (e.g., death) in different groups. Typically, data obtained in randomized clinical trials (RCT) can be used to estimate the overall survival of patients in one group (e.g., treated with drug X) vs another group (e.g., treated with drug Y) and thus determine if there is a treatment difference.

For a more thorough introduction to Survival Analysis, we recommend the following tutorial.

In this example, we will work with patient data from NCCTG Lung Cancer dataset that is part of the survival package. Another vignette presents an example using a data set following the CDISC ADaM standard.

library(ggplot2)
library(visR)

Global Document Setup

# Metadata Title
DATASET <- paste0("NCCTG Lung Cancer Dataset (from survival package ", 
                  packageVersion("survival"), ")")

# Save original options()
old <- options()  

# Global formatting options
options(digits = 3)

# Global ggplot settings
theme_set(theme_bw())

# Global table settings 
options(DT.options = list(pageLength = 10, 
                          language = list(search = 'Filter:'), 
                          scrollX = TRUE))

lung_cohort <- survival::lung

# Change gender to be a factor and rename some variables to make output look nicer
lung_cohort <- lung_cohort %>%  
  dplyr::mutate(sex = as.factor(ifelse(sex == 1, "Male", "Female")))  %>%  
  dplyr::rename(Age = "age", Sex = "sex", Status = "status", Days = "time")

# Restore original options()
options(old)

Cohort Overview (Table one)

Visualizing tables, like the table one or risk tables, is a two-step process in visR . First, a data.frame (or tibble) is created by a get_XXX() function (e.g. get_tableone()). Secondly, the data.frame can be displayed by calling the function render(). The advantage of this process is that data summaries can be created, used and adjusted throughout an analysis, while at every step data summaries can be displayed or even be downloaded.

Populations are usually displayed as a so-called table one. Function get_tableone creates a tibble that includes populations summaries.

# Select variables of interest and change names to look nicer
lung_cohort_tab1 <- lung_cohort %>%  
  dplyr::select(Age, Sex) 

# Create a table one
tab1 <- visR::get_tableone(lung_cohort_tab1)

# Render the tableone
visR::render(tab1, title = "Overview over Lung Cancer patients", datasource = DATASET)

Function render nicely displays the tableone. Additionally, visR includes a wrapper function to create and display a tableone in only one function call.

# Use wrapper functionality to create and display a tableone
visR::tableone(lung_cohort_tab1, title = "Overview over Lung Cancer patients", datasource = DATASET)

Creating and visualizing a tableone with default settings is very simple and can be done with one line of code. However, there are further customization options.

In both the get and the wrapper functions, a stratifier can be defined and the column displaying total information can be removed.

# Create and render a tableone with a stratifier and without displaying the total
visR::tableone(lung_cohort_tab1, strata = "Sex", overall = FALSE,
               title = "Overview over Lung Cancer patients", datasource = DATASET)

visR's render supports three different rendering engines to be as flexible as possible. By default, render uses gt. Additional engines are datatable (dt) to include easy downloading options...

# Create and render a tableone with with dt as an engine
visR::tableone(lung_cohort_tab1, strata = "Sex", overall = FALSE,
               title = "Overview over Lung Cancer patients", datasource = DATASET, 
               engine = "dt")

...and kable for flexible displaying in various output formats (html by default, latex supported).

# Create and render a tableone with with kable as an engine and html as output format
visR::tableone(lung_cohort_tab1, strata = "Sex", overall = FALSE, 
               title = "Overview over Lung Cancer patients", datasource = DATASET, 
               engine = "kable", output_format="html")

Called with html as an output format, a html view is displayed; called with latex a string containing latex code is printed.

Time-to-event analysis

Survival estimation

visR provides a wrapper function to estimate a Kaplan-Meier curve and several functions to visualize the results. This wrapper function is compatible with %>% and purrr::map functions without losing traceability of the dataset name.

# Select variables of interest and change names to look nicer
lung_cohort_survival <- lung_cohort %>%  
  dplyr::select(Age, Sex, Status, Days)  

# For the survival estimate, the censor must be 0 or 1
lung_cohort_survival$Status <- lung_cohort_survival$Status - 1

# Estimate the survival curve
lung_suvival_object <- lung_cohort_survival %>% 
  visR::estimate_KM(strata = "Sex", CNSR = "Status", AVAL = "Days")
lung_suvival_object

Survival visualization

There are two frequently used ways to estimate time-to-event data: As a risk table and as a Kaplan-Meier curve. In principle, visR allows to either visualize a risk table and a Kaplan-Meier curve separately, or both together in one plot.

Displaying the risktable

Creating and visualizing a risk table separately works in the exact same way as for the tableone (above): First, get_risktable() creates a tibble with risk information that can still be changed. Secondly, the risk table can be rendered to be displayed.

# Create a risktable
rt <- visR::get_risktable(lung_suvival_object)

# Display the risktable
visR::render(rt, title = "Overview over survival rates of Lung Cancer patients", datasource = DATASET)

The risktable is only one piece of information that can be extracted from a survival object with a get_XXX to then be rendered.

# Display a summary of the survival estimate
visR::render(lung_suvival_object %>% visR::get_summary(), title = "Summary", datasource = DATASET)

# Display test statistics associated with the survival estimate
visR::render(lung_suvival_object %>% visR::get_pvalue(), title = "P-values", datasource = DATASET)

# Display qunatile information of the survival estimate
visR::render(lung_suvival_object %>% visR::get_quantile(), title = "Quantile Information", datasource = DATASET)

# Display a cox model estimate associated with the survival estimate
visR::render(lung_suvival_object %>% visR::get_COX_HR(), title = "COX estimate", datasource = DATASET)

Plotting the Kaplan-Meier

Alternatively, the survival data can be plotted as a Kaplan-Meier curve. In visR, a plot is in most cases a ggplot object and adapting the plot follows the general principle of creating a plot and then adding visual contents step-by-step.

# Create and display a Kaplan-Meier from the survival object
gg <- visR::visr(lung_suvival_object)
gg

# Add a confidence interval to the Kaplan-Meier and display the plot
gg %>% visR::add_CI()

# Add a confidence interval and the censor ticks to the Kaplan-Meier and display the plot
gg %>% visR::add_CI() %>% visR::add_CNSR(shape = 3, size = 2)

visR includes a wrapper function to create a risktable and then add it directly to a Kaplan-Meier plot.

# Add a confidence interval and the censor ticks and a risktable to the Kaplan-Meier and display the plot
gg %>% visR::add_CI() %>% visR::add_CNSR(shape = 3, size = 2) %>% visR::add_risktable()

Competing Risks

In addition to classic right-censored data, the {visR} package supports the estimation of time-to-event outcomes in the presence of competing events. The package wraps the {tidycmprsk} package, and exports functions for cumulative incidence estimation and visualization.

The function estimate_cuminc() estimates the cumulative incidence of the competing event or outcome of interest. The syntax is nearly identical to estimate_KM(); however, the outcome status variable (passed to the CNSR= argument) must be a factor where the first level indicates censoring, the second level the competing event of interest, and subsequent levels are the other competing events. Visualization functions, visr(), add_CI(), add_CNSR(), and add_risktable() share the same syntax as the Kaplan-Meier variants.

visR::estimate_cuminc(
  tidycmprsk::trial,
  strata = "trt",
  CNSR = "death_cr",
  AVAL = "ttdeath"
) %>%
  visR::visr(
    legend_position = "bottom", 
    x_label = "Months from Treatment",
    y_label = "Risk of Death"
  ) %>%
  visR::add_CI() %>%
  visR::add_risktable(statlist = c("n.risk", "cum.event"))