knitr::opts_chunk$set( collapse = TRUE, comment = "#>" ) wham.dir <- find.package("wham") knitr::opts_knit$set(root.dir = file.path(wham.dir,"extdata")) library(knitr) library(kableExtra)
In this vignette we walk through an example using the wham
(WHAM = Woods Hole Assessment Model) package to run a state-space age-structured stock assessment model. WHAM is a generalization of code written for Miller et al. (2016) and Xu et al. (2018), and in this example we apply WHAM to the same stock, Southern New England / Mid-Atlantic Yellowtail Flounder.
This is the 6th WHAM example, which blends aspects from Ex 1, Ex 2, and Ex 5. We assume you already have wham
installed. If not, see the Introduction. The simpler 1st example is available as a R script and vignette.
As in example 1:
age_comp = "logistic-normal-miss0"
)As in example 2:
recruit_model = 3
)ecov$process_model = 'ar1'
)ecov$how = 2
)As in example 4:
As in example 5:
Example 6 highlights WHAM's options for treating the yearly transitions in numbers-at-age (i.e. survival):
Open R and load the wham
package:
# devtools::install_github("timjmiller/wham", dependencies=TRUE) library(tidyverse) library(wham)
For a clean, runnable .R
script, look at ex6_NAA.R
in the example_scripts
folder of the wham
package install:
wham.dir <- find.package("wham") file.path(wham.dir, "example_scripts")
You can run this entire example script with (total run time about 12 minutes):
write.dir <- "choose/where/to/save/output" # otherwise will be saved in working directory source(file.path(wham.dir, "example_scripts", "ex6_NAA.R"))
Let's create a directory for this analysis:
# choose a location to save output, otherwise will be saved in working directory write.dir <- "choose/where/to/save/output" dir.create(write.dir) setwd(write.dir)
We need the same ASAP data file as in example 1, and the environmental covariate (Gulf Stream Index, GSI). Let's copy ex1_SNEMAYT.dat
and GSI.csv
to our analysis directory:
wham.dir <- find.package("wham") file.copy(from=file.path(wham.dir,"extdata","ex1_SNEMAYT.dat"), to=write.dir, overwrite=FALSE) file.copy(from=file.path(wham.dir,"extdata","GSI.csv"), to=write.dir, overwrite=FALSE)
Confirm you are in the correct directory and it has the required data files:
list.files()
Read the ASAP3 .dat file into R and convert to input list for wham:
asap3 <- read_asap3_dat("ex1_SNEMAYT.dat")
Load the environmental covariate (Gulf Stream Index, GSI) data into R:
env.dat <- read.csv("GSI.csv", header=T) head(env.dat)
As in example 5, the GSI data file does not have a standard error estimate, either for each yearly observation or one overall value. In such a case, WHAM can estimate the observation error for the environmental covariate, either as one overall value, $\sigma_{GSI}$, or yearly values as random effects, $\mathrm{log}\sigma_{{GSI}y} \sim \mathcal{N}(\mathrm{log}\sigma{GSI}, \sigma^2_{\sigma_{GSI}})$. In this example we choose the simpler option and estimate one observation error parameter, shared across years.
Now we specify several models with different options for the numbers-at-age (NAA) transitions, i.e. survival:
df.mods <- data.frame(NAA_cor = c('---','iid','ar1_y','iid','ar1_a','ar1_y','2dar1','iid','ar1_y','iid','ar1_a','ar1_y','2dar1'), NAA_sigma = c('---',rep("rec",2),rep("rec+1",4),rep("rec",2),rep("rec+1",4)), GSI_how = c(rep(0,7),rep(2,6)), stringsAsFactors=FALSE) n.mods <- dim(df.mods)[1] df.mods$Model <- paste0("m",1:n.mods) df.mods <- df.mods %>% select(Model, everything()) # moves Model to first col
Look at the model table:
df.mods
To specify the options for modeling NAA transitions, include an optional list argument, NAA_re
, to the prepare_wham_input
function (see the prepare_wham_input
help page). ASAP3 does not estimate random effects, and therefore these options are not specified in the ASAP data file. By default (NAA_re
is NULL
or not included), WHAM fits a traditional statistical catch-at-age model (NAA = predicted NAA for all ages, i.e. survival is deterministic). To fit a state-space model, we must specify NAA_re
.
NAA_re
is a list with the following entries:
$sigma
: Which ages allow deviations from pred_NAA? Common options are specified with strings."rec"
: Recruitment deviations are random effects, survival of all other ages is deterministic"rec+1"
: Survival of all ages is stochastic ("full state space model"), with 2 estimated $\sigma_a$, one for recruitment and one shared among other ages$cor
: Correlation structure for the NAA deviations. Options are:"iid"
: NAA deviations vary by year and age, but uncorrelated."ar1_a"
: NAA deviations correlated by age (AR1)."ar1_y"
: NAA deviations correlated by year (AR1)."2dar1"
: NAA deviations correlated by year and age (2D AR1, as for $M$ in example 5).Alternatively, you can specify a more complex NAA_re$sigma
by entering a vector with length equal to the number of ages, where each entry points to the $\sigma_a$ to use for that age. For example, NAA_re$sigma = c(1,2,2,3,3,3)
will estimate three $\sigma_a$, with recruitment (age-1) deviations having their own $\sigma_R$, ages 2-3 sharing $\sigma_2$, and ages 4-6 sharing $\sigma_3$.
For example, to fit model m1
(SCAA):
NAA_re <- NULL # or simply leave out of call to prepare_wham_input
To fit model m3
, recruitment deviations are correlated random effects:
NAA_re <- list(sigma="rec", cor="ar1_y")
And to fit model m7
, numbers at all ages are random effects correlated by year AND age:
NAA_re <- list(sigma="rec+1", cor="2dar1")
As described in example 2, the environmental covariate options are fed to prepare_wham_input
as a list, ecov
. This example differs from example 2 in that:
ecov$logsigma = "est_1"
estimates the GSI observation error ($\sigma_{GSI}$, one overall value for all years). The other option is "est_re"
to allow the GSI observation error to have yearly fluctuations (random effects). The Cold Pool Index in example 2 had yearly observation errors given, so this was not necessary.ecov$how = 0
estimates the GSI time-series model (AR1) for models without a GSI-Recruitment effect, in order to compare AIC with models that do include the effect. Setting ecov$how = 2
specifies that the GSI affects the Beverton-Holt $\beta$ parameter ("limiting" / carrying capacity effect).ecov$link_model = "linear"
specifies a linear model linking GSI to $\beta$.For example, the ecov
list for models m8
-m13
with the linear GSI-$\beta$ effect:
ecov <- list( label = "GSI", mean = as.matrix(env.dat$GSI), logsigma = 'est_1', # estimate obs sigma, 1 value shared across years year = env.dat$year, use_obs = matrix(1, ncol=1, nrow=dim(env.dat)[1]), # use all obs (=1) lag = 1, # GSI in year t affects recruitment in year t+1 process_model = "ar1", # GSI modeled as AR1 (random walk would be "rw") where = "recruit", how = 2, link_model = "linear") # linear GSI-Recruitment effect
Note that you can set ecov = NULL
to fit the model without environmental covariate data, but here we fit the ecov
data even for models without the GSI effect on recruitment (m1
-m7
) so that we can compare them via AIC (need to have the same data in the likelihood). We accomplish this by setting ecov$how = 0
and ecov$process_model = "ar1"
.
All models use the same options for expected recruitment (Beverton-Holt stock-recruit function) and selectivity (age-specific, with one or two ages fixed at 1).
for(m in 1:n.mods){ NAA_list <- list(cor=df.mods[m,"NAA_cor"], sigma=df.mods[m,"NAA_sigma"]) if(NAA_list$sigma == '---') NAA_list = NULL ecov <- list( label = "GSI", mean = as.matrix(env.dat$GSI), logsigma = 'est_1', # estimate obs sigma, 1 value shared across years year = env.dat$year, use_obs = matrix(1, ncol=1, nrow=dim(env.dat)[1]), # use all obs (=1) lag = 1, # GSI in year t affects Rec in year t + 1 process_model = 'ar1', # "rw" or "ar1" where = where = c("none","recruit")[as.logical(df.mods$GSI_how[m])+1], # GSI affects recruitment how = df.mods$GSI_how[m], # 0 = no effect (but still fit Ecov to compare AIC), 2 = limiting link_model = "linear") input <- prepare_wham_input(asap3, recruit_model = 3, # Bev Holt recruitment model_name = "Ex 6: Numbers-at-age", selectivity=list(model=rep("age-specific",3), re=c("none","none","none"), initial_pars=list(c(0.1,0.5,0.5,1,1,1),c(0.5,0.5,0.5,1,0.5,0.5),c(0.5,0.5,1,1,1,1)), fix_pars=list(4:6,4,3:6)), NAA_re = NAA_list, ecov=ecov, age_comp = "logistic-normal-miss0") # logistic normal, treat 0 obs as missing # Fit model mod <- fit_wham(input, do.retro=T, do.osa=F) # Save model saveRDS(mod, file=paste0(df.mods$Model[m],".rds")) # If desired, do projections # mod_proj <- project_wham(mod) # saveRDS(mod_proj, file=paste0(df.mods$Model[m],"_proj.rds")) }
data(vign6_res)
Collect all models into a list.
mod.list <- paste0(df.mods$Model,".rds") mods <- lapply(mod.list, readRDS)
Get model convergence and stats.
opt_conv = 1-sapply(mods, function(x) x$opt$convergence) ok_sdrep = sapply(mods, function(x) if(x$na_sdrep==FALSE & !is.na(x$na_sdrep)) 1 else 0) df.mods$conv <- as.logical(opt_conv) df.mods$pdHess <- as.logical(ok_sdrep)
Only calculate AIC and Mohn's rho for converged models.
df.mods$runtime <- sapply(mods, function(x) x$runtime) df.mods$NLL <- sapply(mods, function(x) round(x$opt$objective,3)) not_conv <- !df.mods$conv | !df.mods$pdHess mods2 <- mods mods2[not_conv] <- NULL df.aic.tmp <- as.data.frame(compare_wham_models(mods2, table.opts=list(sort=FALSE, calc.rho=TRUE))$tab) df.aic <- df.aic.tmp[FALSE,] ct = 1 for(i in 1:n.mods){ if(not_conv[i]){ df.aic[i,] <- rep(NA,5) } else { df.aic[i,] <- df.aic.tmp[ct,] ct <- ct + 1 } } df.aic[,1:2] <- format(round(df.aic[,1:2], 1), nsmall=1) df.aic[,3:5] <- format(round(df.aic[,3:5], 3), nsmall=3) df.aic[grep("NA",df.aic$dAIC),] <- "---" df.mods <- cbind(df.mods, df.aic) rownames(df.mods) <- NULL
Look at results table.
df.mods
Save results table.
write.csv(df.mods, file="ex6_table.csv",quote=F, row.names=F)
Plot output for models that converged.
mods[[1]]$env$data$recruit_model = 2 # m1 didn't actually fit a Bev-Holt for(m in which(!not_conv)){ plot_wham_output(mod=mods[[m]], dir.main=file.path(getwd(),paste0("m",m)), out.type='html') }
Two models had very similar AIC and were overwhelmingly supported relative to the other models (bold in table below): m11
(all NAA are random effects with correlation by age, GSI-Recruitment effect) and m13
(all NAA are random effects with correlation by age and year, GSI-Recruitment effect).
The SCAA and state-space models with independent NAA deviations had the lowest runtime. Estimating NAA deviations only for age-1, i.e. recruitment as random effects, broke the Hessian sparseness, making models m2
, m3
, m8
, and m9
the slowest. Adding correlation structure to the NAA deviations increased runtime roughly by a factor of 2 (comparing models m4
with m5
-m7
and m10
with m11
-m13
).
All models except for m4
converged and successfully inverted the Hessian to produce SE estimates for (fixed effect) parameters. WHAM stores this information in mod$na_sdrep
(should be FALSE
), mod$sdrep$pdHess
(should be TRUE
), and mod$opt$convergence
(should be 0
). See stats::nlminb()
and TMB::sdreport()
for details.
We leave the AIC for model m1
blank because comparing models in which parameters (here, recruitment deviations) are estimated as fixed effects versus random effects is messy and marginal AIC is not appropriate. Still, we include m1
to show 1) that WHAM can fit this NAA option, and 2) the poor retrospective pattern in the status quo assessment. Note that m2
is identical to m1
except that recruitment deviations are random effects instead of fixed effects. The retrospective patterns are very similar, but m2
takes 7x longer to run.
# vign6_res[,11:13] = round(vign6_res[,11:13], 3) vign6_res$GSI_how = dplyr::recode(vign6_res$GSI_how, `0`='---',`2`='Limiting') # posdef = which(vign6_res$pdHess == TRUE) # thebest = which(vign6_res$dAIC < 2) thebest = c(11,13) vign6_res[1,"dAIC"] = '---' vign6_res[1,"AIC"] = '---' vign6_res %>% dplyr::rename("Converged"="conv", "Pos def\nHessian"="pdHess", "Runtime\n(min)"="runtime", "$\\Delta AIC$"="dAIC", "$\\rho_{R}$"="rho_R", "$\\rho_{SSB}$"="rho_SSB", "$\\rho_{\\overline{F}}$"="rho_Fbar") %>% kable(escape = F) %>% kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("condensed","responsive")) %>% # row_spec(posdef, background = gray.colors(10,end=0.95)[10]) %>% row_spec(thebest, bold=TRUE)
Estimated survival deviations by age (y-axis) and year (x-axis) for all converged models:
{ width=95% }
The base model, m1
, had a severe retrospective pattern for recruitment (very high $\rho_R$). The full state-space model effectively alleviated this, whether or not a GSI-Recruitment effect was included ($\rho_R$ for m5-7
and m10-13
all below 0.4). Adding a GSI-Recruitment link to the state-space models further reduced $\rho_R$, and also reduced $\rho_{SSB}$ and $\rho_{\overline{F}}$ (although $|\rho_{SSB}|$ and $|\rho_{\overline{F}}|$ were negligible for m5-7
, < 0.05).
Comparing m11
and m13
, the models with lowest AIC, m13
had slightly lower Mohn's $\rho_R$, $\rho_{SSB}$, and $\rho_{\overline{F}}$.
The plots below compare retrospective patterns from the base model (m1
, left) to those from the full model (m13
, right).
{ width=45% }{ width=45% }
{ width=45% }{ width=45% }
{ width=45% }{ width=45% }
Models with a GSI-Recruitment link estimated higher observation error and more smoothing of the GSI than those without. Compare the confidence intervals for m7
(left, no GSI-Recruitment link), to those for m13
(right, with GSI-Recruitment link).
{ width=45% }{ width=45% }
The state-space models, with or without the GSI-Recruitment link, estimated similar but slightly exaggerated trends in $SSB$ and $F$ compared to the base model. Left: $SSB$ and $F$ trends from the base model, m1
. Right: $SSB$ and $F$ trends from the state-space model without GSI effect, m7
.
{ width=45% }{ width=45% }
Adding the GSI-Recruitment link to the state-space model did not impact the probability that the stock was overfished or experiencing overfishing in the final year, 2016 (m7
w/o GSI, left; m13
w/ GSI, right).
{ width=45% }{ width=45% }
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