fourfold | R Documentation |
Creates an (extended) fourfold display of a 2 \times 2 \times k
contingency table, allowing for the visual inspection of the association
between two dichotomous variables in one or several populations (strata).
fourfold(x,
color = c("#99CCFF", "#6699CC", "#FFA0A0", "#A0A0FF", "#FF0000", "#000080"),
conf_level = 0.95, std = c("margins", "ind.max", "all.max"),
margin = c(1, 2), space = 0.2, main = NULL, sub = NULL,
mfrow = NULL, mfcol = NULL, extended = TRUE, ticks = 0.15,
p_adjust_method = p.adjust.methods, newpage = TRUE,
fontsize = 12, default_prefix = c("Row", "Col", "Strata"),
sep = ": ", varnames = TRUE, return_grob = FALSE)
x |
a |
color |
a vector of length 6 specifying the colors to use for the
smaller and larger diagonals of each |
conf_level |
confidence level used for the confidence rings on the odds ratios. Must be a single non-negative number less than 1; if set to 0, confidence rings are suppressed. |
std |
a character string specifying how to standardize the table.
Must be one of |
margin |
a numeric vector with the margins to equate. Must be
one of |
space |
the amount of space (as a fraction of the maximal radius of the quarter circles) used for the row and column labels. |
main , sub |
character string for the fourfold plot title/subtitle. |
mfrow , mfcol |
a numeric vector with two components:
nr and nc, indicating that the displays for the |
extended |
logical; if |
ticks |
the length of the ticks. If set to 0, no ticks are plotted. |
p_adjust_method |
method to be used for p-value adjustments for
multi-stratum plots, as provided by |
newpage |
logical; if |
fontsize |
fontsize of main title. Other labels are scaled relative to this. |
default_prefix |
character vector of length 3 with default labels for possibly missing row/column/strata variable names. |
sep |
default separator between variable names and levels for labels. |
varnames |
Logical; should the variable names be printed in the labeling of stratifed plots? |
return_grob |
Logical; shall a snapshot of the display be returned as a grob object? |
The fourfold display is designed for the display of 2 \times 2 \times k
tables.
Following suitable standardization, the cell frequencies
f_{ij}
of each 2 \times 2
table are shown as a quarter
circle whose radius is proportional to
\sqrt{f_{ij}}
so that its area is proportional to
the cell frequency. An association (odds ratio different from 1)
between the binary row and column variables is indicated by the
tendency of diagonally opposite cells in one direction to differ in
size from those in the other direction; color is used to show this
direction. Confidence rings for the odds ratio allow a visual test of
the null of no association; the rings for adjacent quadrants overlap
iff the observed counts are consistent with the null hypothesis.
Typically, the number k
corresponds to the number of levels of a
stratifying variable, and it is of interest to see whether the
association is homogeneous across strata. The fourfold display
visualizes the pattern of association. Note that the confidence rings
for the individual odds ratios are not adjusted for multiple testing.
Friendly, M. (1994),
A fourfold display for 2 by 2 by k
tables.
Technical Report 217, York University, Psychology Department,
http://datavis.ca/papers/4fold/4fold.pdf.
Friendly, M. (2000), Visualizing Categorical Data. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
mosaic
,
assoc
link[stats]{p.adjust}
for methods of p value adjustment
data("UCBAdmissions")
## Use the Berkeley admission data as in Friendly (1995).
x <- aperm(UCBAdmissions, c(2, 1, 3))
dimnames(x)[[2]] <- c("Yes", "No")
names(dimnames(x)) <- c("Sex", "Admit?", "Department")
ftable(x)
## Fourfold display of data aggregated over departments, with
## frequencies standardized to equate the margins for admission
## and sex.
## Figure 1 in Friendly (1994).
fourfold(margin.table(x, c(1, 2)))
## Fourfold display of x, with frequencies in each table
## standardized to equate the margins for admission and sex.
## Figure 2 in Friendly (1994).
fourfold(x)
cotabplot(x, panel = cotab_fourfold)
## Fourfold display of x, with frequencies in each table
## standardized to equate the margins for admission. but not
## for sex.
## Figure 3 in Friendly (1994).
fourfold(x, margin = 2)
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