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#### Bessel Function J_nu(x)
#### ----------------------------------------------
## It is possible to define the function by its Taylor series expansion around x = 0:
## J_\alpha(x) = \sum_{m=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^m}{m! \, \Gamma(m+\alpha+1)} {\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}^{2m+\alpha}
## besselJ() - Definition as infinite sum -- working for "mpfr" numbers, too!
## ---------
besselJs <-
function(x, nu, nterm = 800, log = FALSE,
Ceps = if(isNum) 8e-16 else 2^(- x@.Data[[1]]@prec))
{
## Purpose: besselJ() primitively
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------
## Arguments: (x,nu) as besselJ; nterm: number of terms for "infinite" sum
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------
## Author: Martin Maechler, Date: Dec 2014
if(length(nu) > 1)
stop(" 'nu' must be scalar (length 1)!")
if (nu < 0) {
## Using Abramowitz & Stegun 9.1.2
## this may not be quite optimal (CPU and accuracy wise)
na <- floor(nu)
return(if(!log)
(if(nu - na == 0.5) 0 else besselJs(x, -nu, nterm=nterm, Ceps=Ceps) * cospi(nu)) +
(if(nu == na ) 0 else besselY (x, -nu ) * sinpi(nu))
## TODO: besselYs() series
## (if(nu == na ) 0 else besselYs(x, -nu, nterm=nterm, Ceps=Ceps) * sinpi(nu))
else ## same on log scale ==> need lsum() ?
stop("besselJs(*, nu < 0, log = TRUE) not yet implemented")
)
}
j <- (nterm-1):0 # sum smallest first!
sgns <- rep_len(if(nterm %% 2 == 0) c(-1,1) else c(1,-1), nterm)
n <- length(x)
if(n == 0) return(x)
has0 <- any(i0 <- x == 0)
x. <- if(has0) x[!i0] else x
if(is(nu, "mpfr")) x. <- mpfr(x., precBits = max(64, .getPrec(nu)))
l.s.j <- outer(j, x./2, function(X,Y) X*2*log(Y))##-> {nterm x n} matrix
##
isNum <- is.numeric(x) || is.complex(x)
## improve accuracy for lgamma(j+1) for "mpfr" numbers
## -- this is very important [evidence: e.g. besselJs(10000, 1)]
if(is(l.s.j, "mpfr"))
j <- mpfr(j, precBits = max(sapply(l.s.j@.Data, slot, "prec")))
else if(!isNum) j <- as(j, class(x))
## underflow (64-bit AMD) for x > 745.1332
## for large x, this already overflows to Inf :
## s.j <- outer(j, (x^2/4), function(X,Y) Y^X) ##-> {nterm x n} matrix
## s.j <- s.j / (gamma(j+1) * gamma(nu+1 + j)) but without overflow :
log.s.j <- l.s.j - lgamma(j+1) - lgamma(nu+1 + j)
s.j <-
if(log) # NB: lsum() works on whole matrix
lssum(log.s.j, signs=sgns) # == log(sum_{j} exp(log.s.j) )
else ## log J_nu(x) -- trying to avoid overflow/underflow for large x OR large nu
## log(s.j) ; e..x <- exp(-x) # subnormal for x > 1024*log(2) ~ 710;
exp(log.s.j)
if(log) {
if(any(lrgS <- log.s.j[1,] > log(Ceps) + s.j))
lapply(x.[lrgS], function(x)
warning(sprintf("besselJs(x=%g): 'nterm' may be too small", x),
call.=FALSE))
if(has0) {
sj <- x
sj[!i0] <- s.j
s.j <- sj
}
nu*log(x/2) + s.j
} else { ## !log
s <- colSums(sgns * s.j)
if(!all(iFin <- is.finite(s)))
stop(sprintf("infinite s for x=%g", x.[!iFin][1]))
if(any(lrgS <- s.j[1,] > Ceps * s))
lapply(x.[lrgS], function(x)
warning(sprintf("besselJs(x=%g): 'nterm' may be too small", x),
call.=FALSE))
if(has0) {
sj <- x
sj[!i0] <- s
s <- sj
}
(x/2)^nu * s
}
}
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