Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References See Also Examples
This is the S3 method to visualize association rules and itemsets. Implemented are several popular visualization methods including scatter plots with shading (two-key plots), graph based visualizations, doubledecker plots, etc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
x |
an object of class "rules" or "itemsets". |
method |
a string with value "scatterplot", "two-key plot", "matrix", "matrix3D", "mosaic", "doubledecker", "graph", "paracoord" or "grouped", "iplots" selecting the visualization method (see Details). |
measure |
measure(s) of interestingness
(e.g., "support", "confidence", "lift") used in the visualization. Some
visualization methods need one measure, others take a vector with two
measures (e.g., scatterplot). In some plots (e.g., graphs) |
shading |
measure of interestingness used
for the color of the points/arrows/nodes
(e.g., "support", "confidence", "lift"). The default is "lift".
|
interactive |
enable interactive exploration (not implemented by all methods). |
control |
a list of control parameters for the plot. The available control parameters depends on the visualization technique (see Details). |
data |
the dataset (class "transactions") used to generate the rules/itemsets. Only "mosaic" and "doubledecker" require the original data. |
... |
further arguments are typically passed on to the used low-level plotting function. |
Most visualization techniques are described by Bruzzese and Davino (2008), however, we added more color shading, reordering and interactive features. The following visualization method are available:
This visualization method draws a two dimensional scatterplot with different measures of interestingness (parameter "measure") on the axes and a third measure (parameter "shading") is represented by the color of the points. There is a special value for shading called "order" which produces a two-key plot where the color of the points represents the length (order) of the rule.
The list of control parameters for this method is
plot title
use filled symbols: 20–25
symbol size
limits
a number greater than 0 adds jitter to the points
color palette (default is 100 gray values.)
Interactive manipulations are available.
Arranges the association rules as a matrix with the itemsets in the antecedents on one axis and the itemsets in the consequent on the other. The interest measure is either visualized by a color (darker means a higher value for the measure) or as the height of a bar (method "matrix3D").
The list of control parameters for this method is
plot title
defines the way the data is rendered: "grid", "image" or "3D" (scatterplot3d)
if TRUE
then the itemsets on the x and y-axes
are reordered to bring rules with similar values for the interest measure
closer together and make the plot clearer.
specifies the measure of interest for reordering (default is the visualized measure)
seriation method, control arguments and distance method (default "euclidean")
used for reordering (see seriate()
method in seriation)
a vector of n colors used for the plot (default: 100 gray values)
limits
Currently there is no interactive version available.
Grouped matrix-based visualization (Hahsler and Chelloboina, 2011). Antecedents (columns) in the matrix are grouped using clustering. Groups are represented as balloons in the matrix.
The list of control parameters for this method is
plot title
number of antecedent groups (default: 20)
aggregation function can be any function computing a scalar from a vector (e.g., min, mean, median (default), sum, max). It is also used to reorder the balloons in the plot.
color palette (default is 100 gray values.)
Interactive manipulations are available.
Represents the rules (or itemsets) as a graph.
Control arguments are
plot title
cex for labels
display item/itemset names instead of ids (TRUE
)
display values of interest measures (FALSE
)
number of digits for numbers in plot.
plot type: "items" or "itemsets"
graph layout engine: "igraph" (default) or "graphviz"
layout algorithm defined in igraph or Rgraphviz (default: layout.fruchterman.reingold for engine igraph and "dot"/"neato" for graphviz)
[0,1]
alpha transparency value (default .8; set to 1 for no transparency)
For the igraph engine the used plot function is plot.igraph
in igraph.
For graphviz the function plot
in
Rgraphviz is used. Note that Rgraphviz is available at
http://www.bioconductor.org/.
For the
interactive version tkplot
in igraph is always used.
...
arguments are passed on to the respective plotting function (use for color, etc.).
Represents a single rule as a doubledecker or mosaic plot. Parameter data has to be specified to compute the needed contingency table. Available control parameters are
plot title
Represents the rules (or itemsets) as a parallel coordinate plot. Available control parameters are
plot title
reorder to minimize crossing lines.
alpha transparency value
Currently there is no interactive version available.
Experimental interactive plots (package iplots) which support selection, highlighting, brushing, etc. Currently plots a scatterplot (support vs. confidence) and several histograms. Interactive manipulations are available.
Several interactive plots return a set of selected rules/itemsets. Other plots might return other data structures. For example graph-based plots return the graph (invisibly).
Michael Hahsler and Sudheer Chelluboina. Some visualizations are based on the implementation by Martin Vodenicharov.
Bruzzese, D. and Davino, C. (2008), Visual Mining of Association Rules, in Visual Data Mining: Theory, Techniques and Tools for Visual Analytics, Springer-Verlag, pp. 103–122.
Hahsler M. and Chelluboina S. (2011), Visualizing association rules in hierarchical groups. In 42nd Symposium on the Interface: Statistical, Machine Learning, and Visualization Algorithms (Interface 2011). The Interface Foundation of North America.
scatterplot3d
in scatterplot3d,
plot.igraph
and
tkplot
in igraph,
seriate
in seriation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 | data(Groceries)
rules <- apriori(Groceries, parameter=list(support=0.001, confidence=0.5))
rules
## scatterplot
plot(rules)
## try: sel <- plot(rules, interactive=TRUE)
## Two-key plot is a scatterplot with shading = "order"
plot(rules, shading="order", control=list(main = "Two-key plot"))
## the following techniques work better with fewer rules
subrules <- rules[quality(rules)$confidence > 0.8]
## 2D matrix with shading
plot(subrules, method="matrix", measure="lift")
plot(subrules, method="matrix", measure="lift", control=list(reorder=TRUE))
## 3D matrix
plot(subrules, method="matrix3D", measure="lift")
plot(subrules, method="matrix3D", measure="lift", control=list(reorder=TRUE))
## matrix with two measures
plot(subrules, method="matrix", measure=c("lift", "confidence"))
plot(subrules, method="matrix", measure=c("lift", "confidence"),
control=list(reorder=TRUE))
## try: plot(subrules, method="matrix", measure="lift", interactive=TRUE, control=list(reorder=TRUE))
## grouped matrix plot
plot(rules, method="grouped")
plot(rules, method="grouped", control=list(k=30))
## try: sel <- plot(rules, method="grouped", interactive=TRUE)
## graphs only work with very few rules
subrules2 <- sample(rules, 10)
plot(subrules2, method="graph")
plot(subrules2, method="graph",
control=list(type="items"))
## try: plot(subrules2, method="graph", interactive=TRUE)
## try: plot(subrules2, method="graph", control=list(engine="graphviz", type="items"))
## parallel coordinates plot
plot(subrules2, method="paracoord")
plot(subrules2, method="paracoord", control=list(reorder=TRUE))
## Doubledecker plot only works for a single rule
oneRule <- sample(rules, 1)
plot(oneRule, method="doubledecker", data = Groceries)
## use iplots (experimental)
## try: sel <- plot(rules, method="iplots", interactive=TRUE)
## for itemsets
itemsets <- eclat(Groceries, parameter = list(support = 0.02))
plot(itemsets, method="paracoord", control=list(alpha=.5, reorder=TRUE))
plot(itemsets, method="graph")
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