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#' Estimates the spectral risk measure of a portfolio
#'
#' Function estimates the spectral risk measure of a portfolio
#' assuming losses are normally distributed, assuming exponential weighting
#' function with specified gamma.
#'
#' @param mu Mean losses
#' @param sigma Standard deviation of losses
#' @param gamma Gamma parameter in exponential risk aversion
#' @param number.of.slices Number of slices into which density function is divided
#'
#' @return Estimated spectral risk measure
#' @references Dowd, K. Measuring Market Risk, Wiley, 2007.
#'
#' @author Dinesh Acharya
#' @examples
#'
#' # Generates 95% confidence intervals for normal VaR for given parameters
#' NormalSpectralRiskMeasure(0, .5, .8, 20)
#'
#' @export
NormalSpectralRiskMeasure <- function(mu, sigma, gamma, number.of.slices){
# Check that inputs obey sign and value restrictions
if (sigma < 0) {
stop("Standard deviation must be n.on-negative")
}
if (min(gamma) <= 0) {
stop("Gamma must be greater than 0")
}
n <- number.of.slices
# Crude (weighted average quantile) evstimate of risk measure
crude.estimate.of.risk.measure <- crude.estimate.of.spectral.risk.measure(mu, sigma, gamma, n)
crude.halving.error <- crude.estimate.of.risk.measure - crude.estimate.of.spectral.risk.measure(mu, sigma, gamma, n/2)
# Trapezoidal rule estimate of risk measure
trapezoidal.estimate <- trapezoidal.quadrature.estimate(mu, sigma, gamma, n)
trapezoidal.halving.error <- (1/3) * trapezoidal.estimate - trapezoidal.quadrature.estimate(mu, sigma, gamma, n/2)
# Simpson's rule estimate of risk measure
simpsons.estimate <- simpsons.quadrature.estimate(mu, sigma, gamma, n)
simpsons.halving.error <- (1/15) * (simpsons.estimate-simpsons.quadrature.estimate(mu, sigma, gamma, n/2))
print(paste("Crude Estimate Of Risk Measure:", crude.estimate.of.risk.measure))
print(paste("Crude Halving Error:", crude.halving.error))
print(paste("Trapezoidal Estimate:",trapezoidal.estimate ))
print(paste("Trapezoidal Halving Error:", trapezoidal.halving.error))
print(paste("Simpsons Estimate:", simpsons.estimate))
print(paste("Simpsons Halving Error:", simpsons.halving.error))
}
crude.estimate.of.spectral.risk.measure <- function(mu, sigma, gamma, n) {
# Applies crude average approach to estimate exponential spectral risk measure
# Input arguments:
# mu : mean losses
# sigma : std. losses
# gamma : gamma weight in exponential spectral risk aversion function
# n : number of slices
p <- seq(1/n, (n-1)/n, 1/n)
product <- double(n-1)
phi <- double(n-1)
VaR <- double(n-1)
for (i in 1:(n-1)) {
VaR[i] <- mu + sigma * qnorm(p[i], 0, 1) # VaRs
phi[i]=exp(-(1-p[i])/gamma)/(gamma*(1-exp(-1/gamma))); # Weights
product[i]=VaR[i]*phi[i]; # Weighed VaR
}
y <- sum(product) / (n - 1) # Crude estimate of exponential spectral risk measure
return(y)
}
trapezoidal.quadrature.estimate<- function(mu, sigma, gamma, n) {
# Applies trapezioidal rule to estimateintegral of f( x) numerifcally using trapezoidal rule with given n, where f(x) is the fuction in te exponentnial spectrahl risk measure.
# Input parameters:
# mu : mean losses
# sigma : standard losses
# gamma : gamma wight in exponential sepectral risk aversion function
# n : number of slics
a <- 1/n
b <- (n-1)/n # Limits of integration, bearing in mind we wish to avoid limits of 0 and 1 because inverses may not be not defined
h <- (b-a)/(n-1)
p <- double(n)
for (i in 1:n) {
p[i] <- a + (i - 1) * h
}
w <- double(n)
w[1] <- h/2 # Initial trap weights
w[n] <- h/2 # Other trap weights
for (i in 2:(n-1)) {
w[i] <- h
}
# Specify f(x)
phi <- double(n)
VaR <- double(n)
f <- double(n)
for (i in 1:n) {
VaR[i] <- mu + sigma * qnorm(p[i], 0, 1) # VaRs
phi[i] <- exp(-(1-p[i]) /gamma)/(gamma * (1-exp(-1/gamma))) # Spectral weights in risk measure
f[i] <- VaR[i] * phi[i] # f(i), weighted VaR
}
y <- t(as.matrix(w)) %*% as.matrix(f)
return(y)
}
simpsons.quadrature.estimate <- function(mu, sigma, gamma, n) {
# Function applies Simpson's rule to estimate intaegral of f(x) numerically
# using Simpson's rule with given n, where f(x) is the function in the
# exponential spectral risk measure.
# Input arguments:
# mu : mean losses
# sigma : std losses
# gamma : gamma weight in exponential spectral risk aversion function
# n : number of slices. NB: must be even
n <- n - 1 # Convert to odd for purposes of algorithm
a <- 1/n
b <- (n - 1) / n # Limits of integration, bearing in mind we wish to avoid limits of 0 and 1 because inverses may not be not defined
h <- (b - a) / (n - 1) # Increment
p <- double(n)
for (i in 1:n) { # Domain of integration, x
p[i] <- a + (i - 1) * h
}
# Simpson's rule weights
a[1] <- h/3
w <- double(n-1)
w[n] <- h/3 # Initial trap weights
for (i in seq(2, (n-1), 2)) { # odd trap weights
w[i] <- 4 * h / 3
}
# Specify f(x)
VaR <- double(n)
phi <- double(n)
f <- double(n)
for (i in 1:n) {
VaR[i] <- mu + sigma *qnorm(p[i], 0, 1) # VaRs
phi[i] <- exp( - (1 - p[i]) / gamma) / (gamma * (1-exp(-1/gamma)))
# Spectral weights in risk measure
f[i] <- VaR[i] * phi[i] # f[i], weighted VaR
}
y <- t(as.matrix(w)) %*% as.matrix(f)
return(y)
}
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