auxiliaryParticleFilter: The auxiliary particle filtering algorithm

In SMC: Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) Algorithm

Description

Function for doing auxiliary particle filtering given the state equation (via generateNextStreamsFunc), the stream representative generation rule (via generateStreamRepsFunc), and the observation equation density (via logObsDensFunc).

See the sections Details, Required Functions and Optional Functions for explanation on the arguments and the return values of the arguments that are themselves functions.

Usage

auxiliaryParticleFilter(nStreams,                          
                        nPeriods,                          
                        dimPerPeriod,                      
                        generateStreamRepsFunc,            
                        generateNextStreamsFunc,            
                        logObsDensFunc,                    
                        resampCriterionFunc = NULL,  
                        resampFunc          = NULL, 
                        summaryFunc         = NULL,  
                        nMHSteps            = 0,     
                        MHUpdateFunc        = NULL,  
                        nStreamsPreResamp   = NULL,  
                        returnStreams       = FALSE, 
                        returnLogWeights    = FALSE, 
                        verboseLevel        = 0,     
                        ...)                                             

Arguments

nStreams	integer > 0.
nPeriods	integer > 0.
dimPerPeriod	integer > 0.
generateStreamRepsFunc	function of five arguments (currentPeriod, lag1Streams, lag1LogWeights, streamIndices, ...).
generateNextStreamsFunc	function of seven arguments (currentPeriod, lag1Streams, lag1LogWeights, streamIndices, streamReps, startingStreams, ...).
logObsDensFunc	function of three arguments (currentPeriod, currentStreams, ...).
resampCriterionFunc	function of four arguments (currentPeriod, currentStreams, currentLogWeights, ...).
resampFunc	function of four arguments (currentPeriod, currentStreams, currentLogWeights, ...).
summaryFunc	function of four arguments (currentPeriod, currentStreams, currentLogWeights, ...).
nMHSteps	integer >= 0.
MHUpdateFunc	function of six arguments (currentPeriod, nMHSteps, currentStreams, lag1Streams, lag1LogWeights, ...).
nStreamsPreResamp	integer > 0.
returnStreams	logical.
returnLogWeights	logical.
verboseLevel	integer, a value >= 2 produces a lot of output.
...	optional arguments to be passed to generateStreamRepsFunc, generateNextStreamsFunc, logObsDensFunc, resampCriterionFunc, resampFunc, summaryFunc and MHUpdateFunc.

Details

We introduce the following terms, which will be used in the sections Required Function and Optional Function below:

stream

the state vector also called the particle, the hidden state or the latent variable. Below we will use the terms stream and state vector interchangeably.

dimPerPeriod

the dimension of the space, the state vectors live in.

Value

This function returns a list with the following components:

draws	a list with the following components: summary, propUniqueStreamIds, streams, logWeights, acceptanceRates. See the section Note for more details.
nStreams	the nStreams argument.
nPeriods	the nPeriods argument.
dimPerPeriod	the dimPerPeriod argument.
nStreamsPreResamp	the nStreamsPreResamp argument.
nMHSteps	the nMHSteps argument.
filterType	type of the filter: “auxiliaryParticleFilter”.
time	the time taken by the run.

Required function: generateStreamRepsFunc

Arguments:

The following argument(s) require some explanation:

lag1Streams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod of streams for currentPeriod - 1.

lag1LogWeights

a vector of length nStreams of log weights corresponding to the streams in the argument matrix lag1Streams.

streamIndices

a vector of length nStreams for which the stream representatives (μ_t^k of Pitt and Shephard, 1999) for currentPeriod are to be generated. See the sub-section Note: below.

Return value:

a matrix of dimension nStreamIndices x dimPerPeriod. The rows of this matrix contain the stream representative for period currentPeriod, given the state vectors to be found in the streamIndices rows of the argument lag1Streams matrix. Here nStreamIndices is the length of the argument streamIndices.

Note:

The following points are in order:

–

this function should distinguish the cases currentPeriod == 1 and currentPeriod > 1 inside of it.

–

for details on the stream representatives (i.e., μ_t^k), see of Pitt and Shephard, 1999. The quantity μ_t^k could be the mean, the mode, a draw or some other likely value associated with the state density for period currentPeriod (i.e., f(α_t \mid α_{t - 1})).

–

this function is called by setting streamIndices to 1:nStreams, i.e., stream representatives for all the streams in the argument lag1Streams matrix is generated.

Optional function: generateNextStreamsFunc

Arguments:

The following argument(s) require some explanation:

lag1Streams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod of streams for currentPeriod - 1.

lag1LogWeights

a vector of length nStreams of log weights corresponding to the streams in the argument matrix lag1Streams.

streamIndices

a vector of length >= nStreams which are to be updated from currentPeriod - 1 to currentPeriod.

streamReps

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod of the stream representatives for currentPeriod.

startingStreams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod to be used for currentPeriod = 1. If this is NULL, then the function should provide a way to generate streams for currentPeriod = 1.

Return value:

a matrix of dimension nStreamIndices x dimPerPeriod. The rows of this matrix contain the state vectors for period currentPeriod, given the state vectors to be found in the streamIndices rows of the argument lag1Streams matrix. Here nStreamIndices is the length of the argument streamIndices.

Note:

The following points are in order:

–

this function should distinguish the cases currentPeriod == 1 and currentPeriod > 1 inside of it.

–

this function is called by setting streamIndices such that nStreamIndices takes either of the two values nStreams or nStreamsPreResamp in different ocassions.

Optional function: logObsDensFunc

Arguments:

The following argument(s) require some explanation:

currentStreams

a matrix with dimPerPeriod columns, the rows containing the streams for currentPeriod.

Return value:

a vector of length nCurrentStreams, where nCurrentStreams refers to the number of rows of the currentStreams matrix argument. This vector contains the observation equation density values for currentPeriod in the log scale, evaluated at the rows of currentStreams.

Note:

nCurrentStreams might be >= nStreams.

Optional function: resampCriterionFunc

Arguments:

The following argument(s) require some explanation:

currentStreams

a matrix with dimPerPeriod columns, the rows containing the updated streams for currentPeriod.

currentLogWeights

a vector of log weights corresponding to the streams in the argument matrix currentStreams.

Return value:

TRUE or FALSE reflecting the decision of the resampling scheme implemented by this function.

Note:

The following points are in order:

–

resampling schemes manily depend on currentLogWeights, the other two arguments might come in handy for implementing period or stream specific resampling schemes.

–

if nStreamsPreResamp > nStreams, then this function should always return TRUE.

Optional function: resampFunc

Arguments:

see the sub-section Arguments: for section Optional function: resampCriterionFunc.

Return value:

a named list with the following components:

currentStreams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod. The rows of this matrix contain the streams for period currentPeriod + 1 that were resampled from those of the argument currentStreams matrix, which may contain >= nStreams rows.

currentLogWeights

The log weights vector of length nStreams, associated with the streams that were resampled in the returned currentStreams matrix. Note, after the resampling step, usually all the log weights are set to 0.

Note:

the components of the list returned by this function and the arguments to this function have two common names, namely, currentStreams and currentLogWeights. These entities have different meanings, as explained above. For example, the argument matrix currentStreams could possibly have >= nStreams rows, whereas the returned currentStreams has exactly nStreams number of (resampled) streams in its rows.

Optional function: summaryFunc

Arguments:

The following argument(s) require some explanation:

currentStreams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod of streams for currentPeriod.

currentLogWeights

a vector of log weights corresponding to the streams in the argument matrix currentStreams.

Return value:

a vector of length of dimSummPerPeriod of summaries for currentPeriod given the currentStreams and the currentLogWeights.

Optional function: MHUpdateFunc

Arguments:

The following argument(s) require some explanation:

nMHSteps

the number of Metropolis Hastings (MH) steps (iterations) to be performed.

currentStreams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod of streams for currentPeriod.

lag1Streams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod of streams for currentPeriod - 1.

lag1LogWeights

a vector of length nStreams of log weights corresponding to the streams in the argument matrix lag1Streams.

Return value:

a named list with the following components:

currentStreams

a matrix of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod. The rows of this matrix contain the streams for period currentPeriod that are (possibly) MH-updated versions of the rows of the argument currentStreams matrix.

acceptanceRates

a vector of length nStreams, representing the acceptance rates of the nMHSteps MH steps for each of the streams in the rows of the argument currentStreams matrix.

Note:

a positive value of nMHSteps performs as many MH steps on the rows of the argument currentStreams matrix. This is done to reduce the possible degeneracy after the resampling.

Warning

Using very small values (<= 1e3) for nStreams might not give reliable results.

Note

The effect of leaving the default value NULL for some of the arguments above are as follows:

resampCriterionFunc

the builtin resampling criterion, namely, resample when square of the coefficient of variation of the weights >= 1, is used.

resampFunc

the builtin resampling function, which resamples streams with probability proportional to their weights, is used.

summaryFunc

the builtin summary function, which returns the weighted average of each of the dimPerPeriod dimensions, is used.

MHUpdateFunc

unlike, particleFilter, there is no builtin Metropolis Hastings updating function, which generates proposals for currentPeriod streams using those of currentPeriod - 1. The user needs to implement this function if nMHSteps > 0.

nStreamsPreResamp

it is set to nStreams.

Also, the following point is worth noting:

resampCriterionFunc, resampFunc, summaryFunc

are only necessary when user wants to try out new resampling schemes or enhanced summary generation procedures, as part of their research. The default builtins take care of the typical problems.

This function returns a list with component called draw. The detailed description of this component, as promised in section Value, is as follows. It is a list itself with the following components:

summary

a matrix of dimension nPeriods x dimSummPerPeriod.

propUniqueStreamIds

a vector of length nPeriods. The values are either proportions of unique streams accpeted (at each period) if resampling was done or NA.

streams

an array of dimension nStreams x dimPerPeriod x nPeriods. This is returned if returnStreams = TRUE.

logWeights

a matrix of dimension nStreams x nPeriods. This is returned if returnLogWeights = TRUE.

acceptanceRates

a matrix of dimension nStreams x nPeriods. This is returned if nMHSteps > 0.

Author(s)

Gopi Goswami [e-mail]

References

Michael K. Pitt and Meil Shephard (1999). Filtering via Simulation: Auxiloary Particle Filters. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94(446): 590-599.

See Also

particleFilter

Examples

MSObj  <- MarkovSwitchingFuncGenerator(-2468)
smcObj <-
    with(MSObj,
     {
         auxiliaryParticleFilter(nStreams                = 5000,
                                 nPeriods                = nrow(yy),
                                 dimPerPeriod            = ncol(yy),
                                 generateStreamRepsFunc  = generateStreamRepsFunc,
                                 generateNextStreamsFunc = generateNextStreamsFunc,
                                 logObsDensFunc          = logObsDensFunc,
                                 returnStreams           = TRUE,
                                 returnLogWeights        = TRUE,
                                 verboseLevel            = 1)
     })
print(smcObj)
print(names(smcObj))
with(c(smcObj, MSObj),
 {
     par(mfcol = c(2, 1))
     plot(as.ts(yy),
          main     = expression('The data and the underlying regimes'),
          cex.main = 0.8,
          xlab     = 'period',
          ylab     = 'data and the regime means',
          cex.lab  = 0.8)
     lines(as.ts(mu), col = 2, lty = 2)
     plot(as.ts(draws$summary[1, ]),
          main     = expression('The underlying regimes and their estimates'),
          cex.main = 0.8,
          xlab     = 'period',
          ylab     = 'regime means',
          cex.lab  = 0.8)
     lines(as.ts(mu), col = 2, lty = 2)        
 })

MSObj  <- MarkovSwitchingFuncGenerator(-8642)
smcObj <-
    with(MSObj,
     {
         auxiliaryParticleFilter(nStreams                = 5000,
                                 nPeriods                = nrow(yy),
                                 dimPerPeriod            = ncol(yy),
                                 generateStreamRepsFunc  = generateStreamRepsFunc,
                                 generateNextStreamsFunc = generateNextStreamsFunc,
                                 logObsDensFunc          = logObsDensFunc,
                                 returnStreams           = TRUE,
                                 returnLogWeights        = TRUE,
                                 verboseLevel            = 1)
     })
print(smcObj)
print(names(smcObj))
with(c(smcObj, MSObj),
 {
     par(mfcol = c(2, 1))
     plot(as.ts(yy),
          main     = expression('The data and the underlying regimes'),
          cex.main = 0.8,
          xlab     = 'period',
          ylab     = 'data and the regime means',
          cex.lab  = 0.8)
     lines(as.ts(mu), col = 2, lty = 2)
     plot(as.ts(draws$summary[1, ]),
          main     = expression('The underlying regimes and their estimates'),
          cex.main = 0.8,
          xlab     = 'period',
          ylab     = 'regime means',
          cex.lab  = 0.8)
     lines(as.ts(mu), col = 2, lty = 2)        
 })

SMC documentation built on May 1, 2019, 9:12 p.m.