inst/doc/extreme_learning_machine.R

In elmNNRcpp: The Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm

## ----eval=T-------------------------------------------------------------------

# load the data and split it in two parts
#----------------------------------------

data(Boston, package = 'KernelKnn')

library(elmNNRcpp)

Boston = as.matrix(Boston)
dimnames(Boston) = NULL

X = Boston[, -dim(Boston)[2]]
xtr = X[1:350, ]
xte = X[351:nrow(X), ]


# prepare / convert the train-data-response to a one-column matrix
#-----------------------------------------------------------------

ytr = matrix(Boston[1:350, dim(Boston)[2]], nrow = length(Boston[1:350, dim(Boston)[2]]),
             
             ncol = 1)


# perform a fit and predict [ elmNNRcpp ]
#----------------------------------------

fit_elm = elm_train(xtr, ytr, nhid = 1000, actfun = 'purelin',
                    
                    init_weights = "uniform_negative", bias = TRUE, verbose = T)

pr_te_elm = elm_predict(fit_elm, xte)



# perform a fit and predict [ lm ]
#----------------------------------------

data(Boston, package = 'KernelKnn')

fit_lm = lm(medv~., data = Boston[1:350, ])

pr_te_lm = predict(fit_lm, newdata = Boston[351:nrow(X), ])



# evaluation metric
#------------------

rmse = function (y_true, y_pred) {
  
  out = sqrt(mean((y_true - y_pred)^2))
  
  out
}


# test data response variable
#----------------------------

yte = Boston[351:nrow(X), dim(Boston)[2]]


# mean-squared-error for 'elm' and 'lm'
#--------------------------------------

cat('the rmse error for extreme-learning-machine is :', rmse(yte, pr_te_elm[, 1]), '\n')

cat('the rmse error for liner-model is :', rmse(yte, pr_te_lm), '\n')


## ----eval=T-------------------------------------------------------------------


# load the data
#--------------

data(ionosphere, package = 'KernelKnn')

y_class = ionosphere[, ncol(ionosphere)]

x_class = ionosphere[, -c(2, ncol(ionosphere))]     # second column has 1 unique value

x_class = scale(x_class[, -ncol(x_class)])

x_class = as.matrix(x_class)                        # convert to matrix
dimnames(x_class) = NULL 



# split data in train-test
#-------------------------

xtr_class = x_class[1:200, ]                    
xte_class = x_class[201:nrow(ionosphere), ]

ytr_class = as.numeric(y_class[1:200])
yte_class = as.numeric(y_class[201:nrow(ionosphere)])

ytr_class = onehot_encode(ytr_class - 1)                                     # class labels should begin from 0 (subtract 1)


# perform a fit and predict [ elmNNRcpp ]
#----------------------------------------

fit_elm_class = elm_train(xtr_class, ytr_class, nhid = 1000, actfun = 'relu',
                          
                          init_weights = "uniform_negative", bias = TRUE, verbose = TRUE)

pr_elm_class = elm_predict(fit_elm_class, xte_class, normalize = FALSE)

pr_elm_class = max.col(pr_elm_class, ties.method = "random")



# perform a fit and predict [ glm ]
#----------------------------------------

data(ionosphere, package = 'KernelKnn')

fit_glm = glm(class~., data = ionosphere[1:200, -2], family = binomial(link = 'logit'))

pr_glm = predict(fit_glm, newdata = ionosphere[201:nrow(ionosphere), -2], type = 'response')

pr_glm = as.vector(ifelse(pr_glm < 0.5, 1, 2))


# accuracy for 'elm' and 'glm'
#-----------------------------

cat('the accuracy for extreme-learning-machine is :', mean(yte_class == pr_elm_class), '\n')

cat('the accuracy for glm is :', mean(yte_class == pr_glm), '\n')


## ----eval = F, echo = T-------------------------------------------------------
# 
# 
# # using system('wget..') on a linux OS
# #-------------------------------------
# 
# system("wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mlampros/DataSets/master/mnist.zip")
# 
# mnist <- read.table(unz("mnist.zip", "mnist.csv"), nrows = 70000, header = T,
# 
#                     quote = "\"", sep = ",")
# 
# x = mnist[, -ncol(mnist)]
# 
# y = mnist[, ncol(mnist)]
# 
# # using system('wget..') on a linux OS
# #-------------------------------------
# 
# system("wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mlampros/DataSets/master/mnist.zip")
# 
# mnist <- read.table(unz("mnist.zip", "mnist.csv"), nrows = 70000, header = T,
# 
#                     quote = "\"", sep = ",")
# 
# x = mnist[, -ncol(mnist)]
# 
# y = mnist[, ncol(mnist)] + 1
# 
# 
# # use the hog-features as input data
# #-----------------------------------
# 
# hog = OpenImageR::HOG_apply(x, cells = 6, orientations = 9, rows = 28, columns = 28, threads = 6)
# 
# y_expand = elmNNRcpp::onehot_encode(y - 1)
# 
# 
# # 4-fold cross-validation
# #------------------------
# 
# folds = KernelKnn:::class_folds(folds = 4, as.factor(y))
# str(folds)
# 
# START = Sys.time()
# 
# 
# fit = lapply(1:length(folds), function(x) {
# 
#   cat('\n'); cat('fold', x, 'starts ....', '\n')
# 
#   tmp_fit = elmNNRcpp::elm_train(as.matrix(hog[unlist(folds[-x]), ]), y_expand[unlist(folds[-x]), ],
# 
#                                  nhid = 2500, actfun = 'relu', init_weights = 'uniform_negative',
# 
#                                  bias = TRUE, verbose = TRUE)
# 
#   cat('******************************************', '\n')
# 
#   tmp_fit
# })
# 
# END = Sys.time()
# 
# END - START
# 
# # Time difference of 5.698552 mins
# 
# 
# str(fit)
# 
# 
# # predictions for 4-fold cross validation
# #----------------------------------------
# 
# test_acc = unlist(lapply(1:length(fit), function(x) {
# 
#   pr_te = elmNNRcpp::elm_predict(fit[[x]], newdata = as.matrix(hog[folds[[x]], ]))
# 
#   pr_max_col = max.col(pr_te, ties.method = "random")
# 
#   y_true = max.col(y_expand[folds[[x]], ])
# 
#   mean(pr_max_col == y_true)
# }))
# 
# 
# 
# test_acc
# 
# # [1] 0.9825143 0.9848571 0.9824571 0.9822857
# 
# 
# cat('Accuracy ( Mnist data ) :', round(mean(test_acc) * 100, 2), '\n')
# 
# # Accuracy ( Mnist data ) : 98.3
#