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# Original work Copyright (c) 2016 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
# Modified work Copyright (c) 2020 - 2024 Fabio Sigrist. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0 See LICENSE file in the project root for license information.
#' @name gpb_shared_params
#' @title Shared parameter docs
#' @description Parameter docs shared by \code{gpb.train}, \code{gpb.cv}, and \code{gpboost}
#' @param callbacks List of callback functions that are applied at each iteration.
#' @param data a \code{gpb.Dataset} object, used for training. Some functions, such as \code{\link{gpb.cv}},
#' may allow you to pass other types of data like \code{matrix} and then separately supply
#' \code{label} as a keyword argument.
#' @param early_stopping_rounds int. Activates early stopping. Requires at least one validation data
#' and one metric. When this parameter is non-null,
#' training will stop if the evaluation of any metric on any validation set
#' fails to improve for \code{early_stopping_rounds} consecutive boosting rounds.
#' If training stops early, the returned model will have attribute \code{best_iter}
#' set to the iteration number of the best iteration.
#' @param eval Evaluation metric to be monitored when doing CV and parameter tuning.
#' This can be a string, function, or list with a mixture of strings and functions.
#'
#' \itemize{
#' \item{\bold{a. character vector}:
#' Non-exhaustive list of supported metrics: "test_neg_log_likelihood", "mse", "rmse", "mae",
#' "auc", "average_precision", "binary_logloss", "binary_error"
#' See \href{https://gpboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Parameters.html#metric-parameters}{
#' the "metric" section of the parameter documentation}
#' for a complete list of valid metrics.
#' }
#' \item{\bold{b. function}:
#' You can provide a custom evaluation function. This
#' should accept the keyword arguments \code{preds} and \code{dtrain} and should return a named
#' list with three elements:
#' \itemize{
#' \item{\code{name}: A string with the name of the metric, used for printing
#' and storing results.
#' }
#' \item{\code{value}: A single number indicating the value of the metric for the
#' given predictions and true values
#' }
#' \item{
#' \code{higher_better}: A boolean indicating whether higher values indicate a better fit.
#' For example, this would be \code{FALSE} for metrics like MAE or RMSE.
#' }
#' }
#' }
#' \item{\bold{c. list}:
#' If a list is given, it should only contain character vectors and functions.
#' These should follow the requirements from the descriptions above.
#' }
#' }
#' @param eval_freq evaluation output frequency, only effect when verbose > 0
#' @param valids a list of \code{gpb.Dataset} objects, used for validation
#' @param record Boolean, TRUE will record iteration message to \code{booster$record_evals}
#' @param colnames feature names, if not null, will use this to overwrite the names in dataset
#' @param categorical_feature categorical features. This can either be a character vector of feature
#' names or an integer vector with the indices of the features (e.g.
#' \code{c(1L, 10L)} to say "the first and tenth columns").
#' @param init_model path of model file of \code{gpb.Booster} object, will continue training from this model
#' @param nrounds number of boosting iterations (= number of trees). This is the most important tuning parameter for boosting
#' @param obj (character) The distribution of the response variable (=label) conditional on fixed and random effects.
#' This only needs to be set when doing independent boosting without random effects / Gaussian processes.
#' @param params list of "tuning" parameters.
#' See \href{https://github.com/fabsig/GPBoost/blob/master/docs/Parameters.rst}{the parameter documentation} for more information.
#' A few key parameters:
#' \itemize{
#' \item{\code{learning_rate}: The learning rate, also called shrinkage or damping parameter
#' (default = 0.1). An important tuning parameter for boosting. Lower values usually
#' lead to higher predictive accuracy but more boosting iterations are needed }
#' \item{\code{num_leaves}: Number of leaves in a tree. Tuning parameter for
#' tree-boosting (default = 31)}
#' \item{\code{max_depth}: Maximal depth of a tree. Tuning parameter for tree-boosting (default = no limit)}
#' \item{\code{min_data_in_leaf}: Minimal number of samples per leaf. Tuning parameter for
#' tree-boosting (default = 20)}
#' \item{\code{lambda_l2}: L2 regularization (default = 0)}
#' \item{\code{lambda_l1}: L1 regularization (default = 0)}
#' \item{\code{max_bin}: Maximal number of bins that feature values will be bucketed in (default = 255)}
#' \item{\code{line_search_step_length} (default = FALSE): If TRUE, a line search is done to find the optimal
#' step length for every boosting update (see, e.g., Friedman 2001). This is then multiplied by the learning rate }
#' \item{\code{train_gp_model_cov_pars} (default = TRUE): If TRUE, the covariance parameters of the Gaussian process
#' are estimated in every boosting iterations, otherwise the gp_model parameters are not estimated.
#' In the latter case, you need to either estimate them beforehand or provide values via
#' the 'init_cov_pars' parameter when creating the gp_model }
#' \item{\code{use_gp_model_for_validation} (default = TRUE): If TRUE, the Gaussian process is also used
#' (in addition to the tree model) for calculating predictions on the validation data }
#' \item{\code{leaves_newton_update} (default = FALSE): Set this to TRUE to do a Newton update step for the tree leaves
#' after the gradient step. Applies only to Gaussian process boosting (GPBoost algorithm) }
#' \item{num_threads: Number of threads. For the best speed, set this to
#' the number of real CPU cores(\code{parallel::detectCores(logical = FALSE)}),
#' not the number of threads (most CPU using hyper-threading to generate 2 threads
#' per CPU core).}
#' }
#' @param verbose verbosity for output, if <= 0, also will disable the print of evaluation during training
#' @param gp_model A \code{GPModel} object that contains the random effects (Gaussian process and / or grouped random effects) model
#' @param line_search_step_length Boolean. If TRUE, a line search is done to find the optimal step length for every boosting update
#' (see, e.g., Friedman 2001). This is then multiplied by the \code{learning_rate}.
#' Applies only to the GPBoost algorithm
#' @param use_gp_model_for_validation Boolean. If TRUE, the \code{gp_model}
#' (Gaussian process and/or random effects) is also used (in addition to the tree model) for calculating
#' predictions on the validation data. If FALSE, the \code{gp_model} (random effects part) is ignored
#' for making predictions and only the tree ensemble is used for making predictions for calculating the validation / test error.
#' @param train_gp_model_cov_pars Boolean. If TRUE, the covariance parameters
#' of the \code{gp_model} (Gaussian process and/or random effects) are estimated in every
#' boosting iterations, otherwise the \code{gp_model} parameters are not estimated.
#' In the latter case, you need to either estimate them beforehand or provide the values via
#' the \code{init_cov_pars} parameter when creating the \code{gp_model}
#' @section Early Stopping:
#'
#' "early stopping" refers to stopping the training process if the model's performance on a given
#' validation set does not improve for several consecutive iterations.
#'
#' If multiple arguments are given to \code{eval}, their order will be preserved. If you enable
#' early stopping by setting \code{early_stopping_rounds} in \code{params}, by default all
#' metrics will be considered for early stopping.
#'
#' If you want to only consider the first metric for early stopping, pass
#' \code{first_metric_only = TRUE} in \code{params}. Note that if you also specify \code{metric}
#' in \code{params}, that metric will be considered the "first" one. If you omit \code{metric},
#' a default metric will be used based on your choice for the parameter \code{obj} (keyword argument)
#' or \code{objective} (passed into \code{params}).
#' @keywords internal
NULL
#' @name gpboost
#' @title Train a GPBoost model
#' @description Simple interface for training a GPBoost model.
#' @inheritParams gpb_shared_params
#' @param label Vector of response values / labels, used if \code{data} is not an \code{\link{gpb.Dataset}}
#' @param weight Vector of weights. The GPBoost algorithm currently does not support weights
#' @param ... Additional arguments passed to \code{\link{gpb.train}}. For example
#' \itemize{
#' \item{\code{valids}: a list of \code{gpb.Dataset} objects, used for validation}
#' \item{\code{eval}: evaluation function, can be (a list of) character or custom eval function}
#' \item{\code{record}: Boolean, TRUE will record iteration message to \code{booster$record_evals}}
#' \item{\code{colnames}: feature names, if not null, will use this to overwrite the names in dataset}
#' \item{\code{categorical_feature}: categorical features. This can either be a character vector of feature
#' names or an integer vector with the indices of the features (e.g. \code{c(1L, 10L)} to
#' say "the first and tenth columns").}
#' \item{\code{reset_data}: Boolean, setting it to TRUE (not the default value) will transform the booster model
#' into a predictor model which frees up memory and the original datasets}
#' }
#' @inheritSection gpb_shared_params Early Stopping
#' @return a trained \code{gpb.Booster}
#'
#' @examples
#' # See https://github.com/fabsig/GPBoost/tree/master/R-package for more examples
#'
#' \donttest{
#' library(gpboost)
#' data(GPBoost_data, package = "gpboost")
#'
#' #--------------------Combine tree-boosting and grouped random effects model----------------
#' # Create random effects model
#' gp_model <- GPModel(group_data = group_data[,1], likelihood = "gaussian")
#' # The default optimizer for covariance parameters (hyperparameters) is
#' # Nesterov-accelerated gradient descent.
#' # This can be changed to, e.g., Nelder-Mead as follows:
#' # re_params <- list(optimizer_cov = "nelder_mead")
#' # gp_model$set_optim_params(params=re_params)
#' # Use trace = TRUE to monitor convergence:
#' # re_params <- list(trace = TRUE)
#' # gp_model$set_optim_params(params=re_params)
#'
#' # Train model
#' bst <- gpboost(data = X, label = y, gp_model = gp_model, nrounds = 16,
#' learning_rate = 0.05, max_depth = 6, min_data_in_leaf = 5,
#' verbose = 0)
#' # Estimated random effects model
#' summary(gp_model)
#'
#' # Make predictions
#' # Predict latent variables
#' pred <- predict(bst, data = X_test, group_data_pred = group_data_test[,1],
#' predict_var = TRUE, pred_latent = TRUE)
#' pred$random_effect_mean # Predicted latent random effects mean
#' pred$random_effect_cov # Predicted random effects variances
#' pred$fixed_effect # Predicted fixed effects from tree ensemble
#' # Predict response variable
#' pred_resp <- predict(bst, data = X_test, group_data_pred = group_data_test[,1],
#' predict_var = TRUE, pred_latent = FALSE)
#' pred_resp$response_mean # Predicted response mean
#' # For Gaussian data: pred$random_effect_mean + pred$fixed_effect = pred_resp$response_mean
#' pred$random_effect_mean + pred$fixed_effect - pred_resp$response_mean
#'
#' #--------------------Combine tree-boosting and Gaussian process model----------------
#' # Create Gaussian process model
#' gp_model <- GPModel(gp_coords = coords, cov_function = "exponential",
#' likelihood = "gaussian")
#' # Train model
#' bst <- gpboost(data = X, label = y, gp_model = gp_model, nrounds = 8,
#' learning_rate = 0.1, max_depth = 6, min_data_in_leaf = 5,
#' verbose = 0)
#' # Estimated random effects model
#' summary(gp_model)
#' # Make predictions
# Predict latent variables
#' pred <- predict(bst, data = X_test, gp_coords_pred = coords_test,
#' predict_var = TRUE, pred_latent = TRUE)
#' pred$random_effect_mean # Predicted latent random effects mean
#' pred$random_effect_cov # Predicted random effects variances
#' pred$fixed_effect # Predicted fixed effects from tree ensemble
#' # Predict response variable
#' pred_resp <- predict(bst, data = X_test, gp_coords_pred = coords_test,
#' predict_var = TRUE, pred_latent = FALSE)
#' pred_resp$response_mean # Predicted response mean
#' }
#' @author Fabio Sigrist, authors of the LightGBM R package
#' @export
gpboost <- function(data,
label = NULL,
weight = NULL,
params = list(),
nrounds = 100L,
gp_model = NULL,
line_search_step_length = FALSE,
use_gp_model_for_validation = TRUE,
train_gp_model_cov_pars = TRUE,
valids = list(),
obj = NULL,
eval = NULL,
verbose = 1L,
record = TRUE,
eval_freq = 1L,
early_stopping_rounds = NULL,
init_model = NULL,
colnames = NULL,
categorical_feature = NULL,
callbacks = list(),
...) {
# validate inputs early to avoid unnecessary computation
if (nrounds <= 0L) {
stop("nrounds should be greater than zero")
}
# Set data to a temporary variable
dtrain <- data
# Check whether data is gpb.Dataset, if not then create gpb.Dataset manually
if (!gpb.is.Dataset(x = dtrain)) {
dtrain <- gpb.Dataset(data = data, label = label, weight = weight)
}
train_args <- list(
"params" = params
, "data" = dtrain
, "nrounds" = nrounds
, "gp_model" = gp_model
, "use_gp_model_for_validation" = use_gp_model_for_validation
, "train_gp_model_cov_pars" = train_gp_model_cov_pars
, "line_search_step_length" = line_search_step_length
, "valids" = valids
, "obj" = obj
, "eval" = eval
, "verbose" = verbose
, "record" = record
, "eval_freq" = eval_freq
, "early_stopping_rounds" = early_stopping_rounds
, "init_model" = init_model
, "colnames" = colnames
, "categorical_feature" = categorical_feature
, "callbacks" = callbacks
)
train_args <- append(train_args, list(...))
if (! "valids" %in% names(train_args)) {
train_args[["valids"]] <- list()
}
# Set validation as oneself
if (verbose > 0L) {
train_args[["valids"]][["train"]] <- dtrain
}
# Train a model using the regular way
bst <- do.call(
what = gpb.train
, args = train_args
)
# # Store model under a specific name
# bst$save_model(filename = save_name)
return(bst)
}
#' @name agaricus.train
#' @title Training part from Mushroom Data Set
#' @description This data set is originally from the Mushroom data set,
#' UCI Machine Learning Repository.
#' This data set includes the following fields:
#'
#' \itemize{
#' \item{\code{label}: the label for each record}
#' \item{\code{data}: a sparse Matrix of \code{dgCMatrix} class, with 126 columns.}
#' }
#'
#' @references
#' https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Mushroom
#'
#' Bache, K. & Lichman, M. (2013). UCI Machine Learning Repository
#' [http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml]. Irvine, CA: University of California,
#' School of Information and Computer Science.
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(agaricus.train)
#' @format A list containing a label vector, and a dgCMatrix object with 6513
#' rows and 127 variables
NULL
#' @name agaricus.test
#' @title Test part from Mushroom Data Set
#' @description This data set is originally from the Mushroom data set,
#' UCI Machine Learning Repository.
#' This data set includes the following fields:
#'
#' \itemize{
#' \item{\code{label}: the label for each record}
#' \item{\code{data}: a sparse Matrix of \code{dgCMatrix} class, with 126 columns.}
#' }
#' @references
#' https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Mushroom
#'
#' Bache, K. & Lichman, M. (2013). UCI Machine Learning Repository
#' [http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml]. Irvine, CA: University of California,
#' School of Information and Computer Science.
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(agaricus.test)
#' @format A list containing a label vector, and a dgCMatrix object with 1611
#' rows and 126 variables
NULL
#' @name bank
#' @title Bank Marketing Data Set
#' @description This data set is originally from the Bank Marketing data set,
#' UCI Machine Learning Repository.
#'
#' It contains only the following: bank.csv with 10% of the examples and 17 inputs,
#' randomly selected from 3 (older version of this dataset with less inputs).
#'
#' @references
#' http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Bank+Marketing
#'
#' S. Moro, P. Cortez and P. Rita. (2014)
#' A Data-Driven Approach to Predict the Success of Bank Telemarketing. Decision Support Systems
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(bank)
#' @format A data.table with 4521 rows and 17 variables
NULL
#' @name GPBoost_data
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description Simulated example data for the GPBoost package
#' This data set includes the following fields:
#' \itemize{
#' \item{\code{y}: response variable}
#' \item{\code{X}: a matrix with covariate information}
#' \item{\code{group_data}: a matrix with categorical grouping variables}
#' \item{\code{coords}: a matrix with spatial coordinates}
#' \item{\code{X_test}: a matrix with covariate information for predictions}
#' \item{\code{group_data_test}: a matrix with categorical grouping variables for predictions}
#' \item{\code{coords_test}: a matrix with spatial coordinates for predictions}
#' }
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
#' @name y
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description Response variable for the example data of the GPBoost package
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
#' @name X
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description A matrix with covariate data for the example data of the GPBoost package
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
#' @name group_data
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description A matrix with categorical grouping variables for the example data of the GPBoost package
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
#' @name coords
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description A matrix with spatial coordinates for the example data of the GPBoost package
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
#' @name X_test
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description A matrix with covariate information for the predictions for the example data of the GPBoost package
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
#' @name group_data_test
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description A matrix with categorical grouping variables for predictions for the example data of the GPBoost package
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
#' @name coords_test
#' @title Example data for the GPBoost package
#' @description A matrix with spatial coordinates for predictions for the example data of the GPBoost package
#'
#' @docType data
#' @keywords datasets
#' @usage data(GPBoost_data)
NULL
# Various imports
#' @import methods
#' @importFrom Matrix Matrix
#' @importFrom R6 R6Class
#' @useDynLib gpboost , .registration = TRUE
NULL
# Suppress false positive warnings from R CMD CHECK about
# "unrecognized global variable"
globalVariables(c(
"."
, ".N"
, ".SD"
, "abs_contribution"
, "bar_color"
, "Contribution"
, "Cover"
, "Feature"
, "Frequency"
, "Gain"
, "internal_count"
, "internal_value"
, "leaf_index"
, "leaf_parent"
, "leaf_value"
, "node_parent"
, "split_feature"
, "split_gain"
, "split_index"
, "tree_index"
))
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