Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References See Also Examples
Simulates a fluctuating environment over time, and two species' responses to the environment, after Chesson (1994).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 |
alpha |
a vector of length 2; the negative effects of all individuals (of both species) on each population – typically different among species. |
d |
disturbance rate; the proportion of all individuals killed at each time step. |
years |
numbers of time steps |
N0 |
vector of length 2; initial abundances. |
w |
vector of length 2; average fitnesses for each species. |
env.var |
degree of environmental variability. |
specialization |
determines the narrowness of each species fitness response. |
spread |
determines how far apart the peak fitness responses are. |
type |
determines the form of C, the negative effect of competition. |
The argument type
controls the value of e^C, the effect of
competition on reproduction, where the annual finite rate of increase is
R=e^(E-C). type = 1
causes e^C = alpha[i] N[J,i], that is, a species-specific fixed fraction
of juveniles that depends on each species response to competition. This is
illustrated in a for-loop in Stevens (2009, Ch. 9, Storage Effect,
Simulating Dynamics). Any other value for type
results in the same
negative effect on both species that depends on the number of juveniles and
the disturbance rate.
Returns a list of length one, for use with ode
in the
deSolve
package.
Component 1 |
vector of the state variables, y. |
Hank Stevens (HankStevens@miamioh.edu)
Chesson, P.L. (1994) Multispecies competition in variable environments. Theoretical Population Biology, 45, 227–276.
Stevens. M.H.H. (2009) A Primer of Ecology with R. Use R! Series. Springer.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | out <- chesson(years=50)
layout(matrix(1:4, nc=2))
matplot(out[["time"]], out[["Ns"]], type='l', lty=c(1:3),
xlab="Time", ylab="N", log="y")
plot(out[["time"]][-1], out[["env"]], type='l',
xlab="Time", ylab="Environment")
matplot(out[["env"]], out[["Es"]], xlab="Environment",
ylab="Density-independent reproduction")
matplot(out[["env"]], out[["Rs"]], xlab="Environment",
ylab="Annual growth rate")
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