dbrda | R Documentation |
Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) is an ordination method
similar to Redundancy Analysis (rda
), but it allows
non-Euclidean dissimilarity indices, such as Manhattan or
Bray-Curtis distance. Despite this non-Euclidean feature, the
analysis is strictly linear and metric. If called with Euclidean
distance, the results are identical to rda
, but dbRDA
will be less efficient. Functions dbrda
is constrained
versions of metric scaling, a.k.a. principal coordinates analysis,
which are based on the Euclidean distance but can be used, and are
more useful, with other dissimilarity measures. Function
capscale
is a simplified version based on Euclidean
approximation of dissimilarities. The functions can also perform
unconstrained principal coordinates analysis (PCO), optionally using
extended dissimilarities. pco()
is a wrapper to dbrda()
,
which performs PCO.
dbrda(formula, data, distance = "euclidean", sqrt.dist = FALSE,
add = FALSE, dfun = vegdist, metaMDSdist = FALSE,
na.action = na.fail, subset = NULL, ...)
capscale(formula, data, distance = "euclidean", sqrt.dist = FALSE,
comm = NULL, add = FALSE, dfun = vegdist, metaMDSdist = FALSE,
na.action = na.fail, subset = NULL, ...)
pco(X, ...)
formula |
Model formula. The function can be called only with the
formula interface. Most usual features of |
X |
Community data matrix. |
data |
Data frame containing the variables on the right hand side of the model formula. |
distance |
The name of the dissimilarity (or distance) index if
the LHS of the |
sqrt.dist |
Take square roots of dissimilarities. See section
|
comm |
Community data frame which will be used for finding
species scores when the LHS of the |
add |
Add a constant to the non-diagonal dissimilarities such
that all eigenvalues are non-negative in the underlying Principal
Co-ordinates Analysis (see |
dfun |
Distance or dissimilarity function used. Any function
returning standard |
metaMDSdist |
Use |
na.action |
Handling of missing values in constraints or
conditions. The default ( |
subset |
Subset of data rows. This can be a logical vector
which is |
... |
Other parameters passed to underlying functions (e.g.,
|
Functions dbrda
and capscale
provide two alternative
implementations of dbRDA. Function dbrda
is based on McArdle
& Anderson (2001) and directly decomposes dissimilarities. With
Euclidean distances results are identical to rda
.
Non-Euclidean dissimilarities may give negative eigenvalues
associated with imaginary axes. Function capscale
is based on
Legendre & Anderson (1999): the dissimilarity data are first
ordinated using metric scaling, and the ordination results are
analysed as rda
. capscale
ignores the imaginary
component and will not give negative eigenvalues (but will report
the magnitude on imaginary component).
If the user supplied a community data frame instead of
dissimilarities, the functions will find dissimilarities using
vegdist
or distance function given in dfun
with
specified distance
. The functions will accept distance
objects from vegdist
, dist
, or any other
method producing compatible objects. The constraining variables can be
continuous or factors or both, they can have interaction terms, or
they can be transformed in the call. Moreover, there can be a
special term Condition
just like in rda
and
cca
so that “partial” analysis can be performed.
Function dbrda
does not return species scores, and they can
also be missing in capscale
, but they can be added after the
analysis using function sppscores
.
Non-Euclidean dissimilarities can produce negative eigenvalues
(Legendre & Anderson 1999, McArdle & Anderson 2001). If there are
negative eigenvalues, the printed output of capscale
will add
a column with sums of positive eigenvalues and an item of sum of
negative eigenvalues, and dbrda
will add a column giving the
number of real dimensions with positive eigenvalues. If negative
eigenvalues are disturbing, functions let you distort the
dissimilarities so that only non-negative eigenvalues will be
produced with argument add = TRUE
. Alternatively, with
sqrt.dist = TRUE
, square roots of dissimilarities can be
used which may help in avoiding negative eigenvalues (Legendre &
Anderson 1999).
The functions can be also used to perform ordinary metric scaling
a.k.a. principal coordinates analysis by using a formula with only a
constant on the right hand side, or comm ~ 1
. The new function
pco()
implements principal coordinates analysis via
dbrda()
directly, using this formula. With
metaMDSdist = TRUE
, the function can do automatic data
standardization and use extended dissimilarities using function
stepacross
similarly as in non-metric multidimensional
scaling with metaMDS
.
The functions return an object of class dbrda
or
capscale
which inherit from rda
. See
cca.object
for description of the result object. Function
pco()
returns an object of class "vegan_pco"
(which
inherits from class "dbrda"
) to avoid clashes with other packages.
Function dbrda
implements real distance-based RDA and is
preferred over capscale
. capscale
was originally
developed as a variant of constrained analysis of proximities
(Anderson & Willis 2003), but these developments made it more
similar to dbRDA. However, it discards the imaginary dimensions with
negative eigenvalues and ordination and significance tests area only
based on real dimensions and positive eigenvalues. capscale
may be removed from vegan in the future. It has been in
vegan
since 2003 (CRAN release 1.6-0) while dbrda
was
first released in 2016 (version 2.4-0), and removal of
capscale
may be disruptive to historical examples and
scripts, but in modern times dbrda
should be used.
The inertia is named after the dissimilarity index as defined in the
dissimilarity data, or as unknown distance
if such
information is missing. If the largest original dissimilarity was
larger than 4, capscale
handles input similarly as rda
and bases its analysis on variance instead of sum of
squares. Keyword mean
is added to the inertia in these cases,
e.g. with Euclidean and Manhattan distances. Inertia is based on
squared index, and keyword squared
is added to the name of
distance, unless data were square root transformed (argument
sqrt.dist=TRUE
). If an additive constant was used with
argument add
, Lingoes
or Cailliez adjusted
is
added to the the name of inertia, and the value of the constant is
printed.
Jari Oksanen
Anderson, M.J. & Willis, T.J. (2003). Canonical analysis of principal coordinates: a useful method of constrained ordination for ecology. Ecology 84, 511–525.
Gower, J.C. (1985). Properties of Euclidean and non-Euclidean distance matrices. Linear Algebra and its Applications 67, 81–97.
Legendre, P. & Anderson, M. J. (1999). Distance-based redundancy analysis: testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments. Ecological Monographs 69, 1–24.
Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. (2012). Numerical Ecology. 3rd English Edition. Elsevier.
McArdle, B.H. & Anderson, M.J. (2001). Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy analysis. Ecology 82, 290–297.
rda
, cca
, plot.cca
,
anova.cca
, vegdist
,
dist
, cmdscale
, wcmdscale
for underlying and related functions. Function sppscores
can add species scores or replace existing species scores.
The function returns similar result object as rda
(see
cca.object
). This section for rda
gives a
more complete list of functions that can be used to access and
analyse dbRDA results.
data(varespec, varechem)
## dbrda
dbrda(varespec ~ N + P + K + Condition(Al), varechem, dist="bray")
## avoid negative eigenvalues with sqrt distances
dbrda(varespec ~ N + P + K + Condition(Al), varechem, dist="bray",
sqrt.dist = TRUE)
## avoid negative eigenvalues also with Jaccard distances
(m <- dbrda(varespec ~ N + P + K + Condition(Al), varechem, dist="jaccard"))
## add species scores
sppscores(m) <- wisconsin(varespec)
## pco
pco(varespec, dist = "bray", sqrt.dist = TRUE)
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