R/get_census_data.R

In wru: Who are You? Bayesian Prediction of Racial Category Using Surname, First Name, Middle Name, and Geolocation

#' Multilevel Census data download function.
#'
#' \code{get_census_data} returns county-, tract-, and block-level Census data 
#' for specified state(s). Using this function to download Census data in advance 
#' can save considerable time when running \code{predict_race} and \code{census_helper}.
#' 
#' @param key A character string containing a valid Census API key, 
#'   which can be requested from the
#'   [U.S. Census API key signup page](https://api.census.gov/data/key_signup.html).
#'   
#'   By default, attempts to find a census key stored in an
#'   [environment variable][Sys.getenv] named `CENSUS_API_KEY`.
#'   
#' @param states which states to extract Census data for, e.g., \code{c("NJ", "NY")}.
#' @param age A \code{TRUE}/\code{FALSE} object indicating whether to condition on 
#'  age or not. If \code{FALSE} (default), function will return Pr(Geolocation | Race).
#'  If \code{TRUE}, function will return Pr(Geolocation, Age | Race). 
#'  If \code{\var{sex}} is also \code{TRUE}, function will return Pr(Geolocation, Age, Sex | Race).
#' @param sex A \code{TRUE}/\code{FALSE} object indicating whether to condition on 
#'  sex or not. If \code{FALSE} (default), function will return Pr(Geolocation | Race). 
#'  If \code{TRUE}, function will return Pr(Geolocation, Sex | Race). 
#'  If \code{\var{age}} is also \code{TRUE}, function will return Pr(Geolocation, Age, Sex | Race).
#' @param year A character object specifying the year of U.S. Census data to be downloaded.
#'  Use \code{"2010"}, or \code{"2020"}. Default is \code{"2020"}.
#'  Warning: 2020 U.S. Census data is downloaded only when \code{\var{age}} and 
#'  \code{\var{sex}} are both \code{FALSE}.
#' @param census.geo An optional character vector specifying what level of 
#' geography to use to merge in U.S. Census 2010 geographic data. Currently
#' \code{"county"}, \code{"tract"}, \code{"block"}, and \code{"place"} are supported.
#' @param retry The number of retries at the census website if network interruption occurs.
#' @param county.list A named list of character vectors of counties present in your \var{voter.file}, per state. 
#' @return Output will be an object of class \code{list} indexed by state. 
#' Output will contain a subset of the following elements: 
#' \code{state}, \code{age}, \code{sex}, 
#' \code{county}, \code{tract}, \code{block_group}, \code{block}, and \code{place}.
#' 
#' @export
#'
#' @examples
#' \dontrun{get_census_data(states = c("NJ", "NY"), age = TRUE, sex = FALSE)}
#' \dontrun{get_census_data(states = "MN", age = FALSE, sex = FALSE, year = "2020")}
get_census_data <- function(
    key = Sys.getenv("CENSUS_API_KEY"),
    states,
    age = FALSE,
    sex = FALSE,
    year = "2020",
    census.geo = c("tract", "block", "block_group", "county", "place", "zcta"),
    retry = 3,
    county.list = NULL
) {
  key <- validate_key(key)
  
  census.geo <- tolower(census.geo)
  census.geo <- rlang::arg_match(census.geo)
  
  states <- toupper(states)
  
  message("Collecting ", year, " Census data...")
  
  CensusObj <- NULL
  for (s in states) {
    CensusObj[[s]] <- list(state = s, age = age, sex = sex, year = year)
    if (census.geo == "place") {
      place <- census_geo_api(key, s, geo = "place", age, sex, year, retry)
      CensusObj[[s]]$place <- place
    }
    if (census.geo == "block") {
      block <- census_geo_api(key, s, geo = "block", age, sex, year, retry, counties = county.list[[s]])
      CensusObj[[s]]$block <- block
    }
    
    if (census.geo == "block_group") {
      block_group <- census_geo_api(key, s, geo = "block_group", age, sex, year, retry, counties = county.list[[s]])
      CensusObj[[s]]$block_group <- block_group
    }
    
    if ((census.geo == "block") || (census.geo == "tract") || (census.geo == "block_group")) {
      tract <- census_geo_api(key, s, geo = "tract", age, sex, year, retry, counties = county.list[[s]])
      CensusObj[[s]]$tract <- tract
    }

    if ((census.geo == "block") || (census.geo == "tract") || (census.geo == "county") || (census.geo == "block_group")) {
      county <- census_geo_api(key, s, geo = "county", age, sex, year, retry)
      CensusObj[[s]]$county <- county
    }
    
    if (census.geo == "zcta") {
      if (!is.null(county.list)) {
        cli::cli_abort(c(
          "The {.arg county.list} argument must be set to {.code NULL}
          when {.arg census_geo} is {.val zcta},
          because the Census Bureau does release data that divides ZCTAs by county."
        ))
      }
      
      CensusObj[[s]]$zcta <- census_geo_api(key, s, geo = "zcta", age, sex, year, retry)
    }
  }
  return(CensusObj)
}