test_functions: Test Functions for Global Optimisation
In hzambran/hydroPSO: Particle Swarm Optimisation, with Focus on Environmental Models
test_functions R Documentation
Test Functions for Global Optimisation
Description
Test functions commonly used as benchmark for global optimisation problems
Usage
ackley(x)
griewank(x)
rastrigin(x)
rosenbrock(x)
schafferF6(x)
schwefel(x)
sphere(x)
sackley(x, o=-32+64*runif(length(x)), fbias=-140)
sgriewank(x, o=-600+1200*runif(length(x)), fbias=-180)
srastrigin(x, o=-5+10*runif(length(x)), fbias=-330)
srosenbrock(x, o=-100+200*runif(length(x)), fbias=390)
sschwefel1_2(x, o=-100+200*runif(length(x)), fbias=-450)
ssphere(x, o=-100+200*runif(length(x)), fbias=-450)
Arguments
x
numeric vector to be evaluated
o
numeric shifting vector to be used, with the same length of x
fbias
numeric with the bias to be imposed
Details
The Ackley test function is multimodal and separable, with several local optima that, for the search range [-32, 32], look more like noise, although they are located at regular intervals. The Ackley function only has one global optimum located at the point o=(0,...,0). It is defined by:
ackley = 20+\exp(1)-20\exp\left( -0.2\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^2} \right)-\exp\left(\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\cos(2\pi x_{i})\right) ; -32 \leq x_i \leq 32 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The generalized Rastrigin test function is non-convex, multimodal and additively separable. It has several local optima arranged in a regular lattice, but it only has one global optimum located at the point o=(0,...,0). The search range for the Rastrigin function is [-5.12, 5.12] in each variable. This function is a fairly difficult problem due to its large search space and its large number of local minima. It is defined by:
rastrigin = 10n+\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[x_{i}^{2}-10\cos(2\pi x_{i})\right] \ ; \ -5.12 \leq x_i \leq 5.12 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Griewank test function is multimodal and non-separable, with several local optima within the search region defined by [-600, 600]. It is similar to the Rastrigin function, but the number of local optima is larger in this case. It only has one global optimum located at the point o=(0,...,0). The function interpretation changes with the scale; the general overview suggests convex function, medium-scale view suggests existence of local minima, and finally zoom on the details indicates complex structure of numerous local minima. While this function has an exponentially increasing number of local minima as its dimension increases, it turns out that a simple multistart algorithm is able to detect its global minimum more and more easily as the dimension increases (Locatelli, 2003). It is defined by:
griewank = \frac{1}{4000}\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2}-\prod_{i=1}^{n}\cos\left(\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{i}}\right)+1 \ ; \ -600 \leq x_i \leq 600 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Rosenbrock function is non-convex, unimodal and non-separable. It is also known as Rosenbrock's valley or Rosenbrock's banana function. The global minimum is inside a long, narrow, parabolic shaped flat valley. To find the valley is trivial. To converge to the global minimum, however, is difficult. It only has one optimum located at the point o=(1,...,1). It is a quadratic function, and its search range is [-30, 30] for each variable. It is defined by:
rosenbrock = \sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2})^{2}+(1-x_{i})^{2}\right] \ ; \ -30 \leq x_i \leq 30 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The main difficulty of the Schaffer's F6 test function is that the size of the potential maxima that need to be overcome to get to a minimum increases the closer
one gets to the global minimum. It is defined by:
schafferF6 = 0.5+\frac{\sin^{2}\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2}}-0.5}{(1+0.001\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2})^{2}} \ ; \ -100 \leq x_i \leq 100 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The first function of De Jong's or Sphere function is one of the most simple test functions available in the specialized literature. This continuous, convex, unimodal and additively separable test function can be scaled up to any number of variables. It belongs to a family of functions called quadratic functions and only has one optimum in the point o=(0,...,0). The search range commonly used for the Sphere function is [-100, 100] for each decision variable. It is defined by:
sphere = \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^2 \ ; \ -100 \leq x_i \leq 100 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Schwefel's function is non-convex, multimodal, and additively separable. It is deceptive in that the global minimum is geometrically distant, over the parameter space, from the next best local minima. Therefore, the search algorithms are potentially prone to convergence in the wrong direction. In addition, it is less symmetric than the Rastrigin function and has the global minimum at the edge of the search space [-500, 500] at position o=(420.9687,...,420.9687). Additionally, there is no overall, guiding slope towards the global minimum like in Ackley's, or less extreme, in Rastrigin's function. It is defined by:
schwefel = 418.982887274338n + \sum_{i=1}^{n} -x_{i} \sin(\sqrt{|x_{i}|} \ ; \ -500 \leq x_i \leq 500 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Shifted Schwefel's Problem 1.2 function is unimodal, non-separable, and scalable. It is defined by:
sschwefel1\_2 = \sum_{i=1}^{n} { \left(\sum_{j=1}^{i} {x_{j}} \right)^2 } + f\_bias \ ; \ -500 \leq x_i \leq 500 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
Some optimisation algorithms take advantage of known properties of the benchmark functions, such as local optima lying along the coordinate axes, global optimum having the same values for many variables and so on. In order to avoid the previous shortcomings, shifting vector and a single bias is introduced for some benchmark functions, reported afterwards.
The Shifted Ackley is defined by:
sackley = 20+\exp(1)-20\exp\left(-0.2\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}z_{i}^2}\right)-\exp\left(\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\cos(2\pi z_{i})\right) + f\_bias , z=x-o ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Shifted Griewank is defined by:
sgriewank = \frac{1}{4000}\sum_{i=1}^{n}z_{i}^{2}-\prod_{i=1}^{n}\cos\left(\frac{z_i}{\sqrt{i}}\right)+1 + f\_bias \ , \ z=x-o ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Shifted Sphere is defined by:
ssphere = \sum_{i=1}^{n} z_{i}^2 + f\_bias \ , \ z=x-o ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
Value
Each test function returns a single numeric value corresponding to the function evaluated on the vector x
Author(s)
Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, mzb.devel@gmail.com
References
Dieterich, J.M. and B.Hartke. 2012. Empirical review of standard benchmark functions using evolutionary global optimization. Appl.Math. 3. 1552-1564, DOI:10.4236/am.2012.330215
Barrera, J., and C. Coello Coello. 2010, Test function generators for assessing the performance of PSO algorithms in multimodal optimization, in Handbook of Swarm Intelligence, vol. 8, edited by B. Panigrahi, Y. Shi, and M.-H. Lim, chap. Adaptation, Learning, and Optimization, pp. 89-117, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17390-5 4
Problem Definitions and Evaluation Criteria for the CEC 2005 Special Session on Real-Parameter Optimization http://www.cmap.polytechnique.fr/~nikolaus.hansen/Tech-Report-May-30-05.pdf
Test functions for optimization needs: https://robertmarks.org/Classes/ENGR5358/Papers/functions.pdf
Web pages:
Test functions for optimization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_functions_for_optimization
Benchmark Problems http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/jair/pub/volume24/ortizboyer05a-html/node6.html
Test Functions for Unconstrained Global Optimization http://www-optima.amp.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/member/student/hedar/Hedar_files/TestGO_files/Page364.htm
Rosenbrock: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/rosen.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbrock_function
Sphere: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/spheref.html
Rastrigin: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/rastr.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrigin_function
Ackley: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/ackley.html
Griewank: Locatelli, M. 2003. A note on the griewank test function, Journal of Global Optimization, 25 (2), 169-174, doi:10.1023/A:1021956306041
Schaffer's F6 Xiaohong Qiu, Jun Liu. 2009. A Novel Adaptive PSO Algorithm on Schaffer's F6 Function. Hybrid Intelligent Systems, International Conference on, pp. 94-98, 2009 Ninth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems
Schwefel: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/schwef.html
See Also
hydroPSO
hzambran/hydroPSO documentation built on Feb. 3, 2024, 4:39 p.m.
R Package Documentation
Browse R Packages
We want your feedback!
Note that we can't provide technical support on individual packages. You should contact the package authors for that.
| test_functions | R Documentation |
Test Functions for Global Optimisation
Description
Test functions commonly used as benchmark for global optimisation problems
Usage
ackley(x)
griewank(x)
rastrigin(x)
rosenbrock(x)
schafferF6(x)
schwefel(x)
sphere(x)
sackley(x, o=-32+64*runif(length(x)), fbias=-140)
sgriewank(x, o=-600+1200*runif(length(x)), fbias=-180)
srastrigin(x, o=-5+10*runif(length(x)), fbias=-330)
srosenbrock(x, o=-100+200*runif(length(x)), fbias=390)
sschwefel1_2(x, o=-100+200*runif(length(x)), fbias=-450)
ssphere(x, o=-100+200*runif(length(x)), fbias=-450)
Arguments
x |
numeric vector to be evaluated |
o |
numeric shifting vector to be used, with the same length of |
fbias |
numeric with the bias to be imposed |
Details
The Ackley test function is multimodal and separable, with several local optima that, for the search range [-32, 32], look more like noise, although they are located at regular intervals. The Ackley function only has one global optimum located at the point o=(0,...,0). It is defined by:
ackley = 20+\exp(1)-20\exp\left( -0.2\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^2} \right)-\exp\left(\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\cos(2\pi x_{i})\right) ; -32 \leq x_i \leq 32 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The generalized Rastrigin test function is non-convex, multimodal and additively separable. It has several local optima arranged in a regular lattice, but it only has one global optimum located at the point o=(0,...,0). The search range for the Rastrigin function is [-5.12, 5.12] in each variable. This function is a fairly difficult problem due to its large search space and its large number of local minima. It is defined by:
rastrigin = 10n+\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[x_{i}^{2}-10\cos(2\pi x_{i})\right] \ ; \ -5.12 \leq x_i \leq 5.12 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Griewank test function is multimodal and non-separable, with several local optima within the search region defined by [-600, 600]. It is similar to the Rastrigin function, but the number of local optima is larger in this case. It only has one global optimum located at the point o=(0,...,0). The function interpretation changes with the scale; the general overview suggests convex function, medium-scale view suggests existence of local minima, and finally zoom on the details indicates complex structure of numerous local minima. While this function has an exponentially increasing number of local minima as its dimension increases, it turns out that a simple multistart algorithm is able to detect its global minimum more and more easily as the dimension increases (Locatelli, 2003). It is defined by:
griewank = \frac{1}{4000}\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2}-\prod_{i=1}^{n}\cos\left(\frac{x_i}{\sqrt{i}}\right)+1 \ ; \ -600 \leq x_i \leq 600 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Rosenbrock function is non-convex, unimodal and non-separable. It is also known as Rosenbrock's valley or Rosenbrock's banana function. The global minimum is inside a long, narrow, parabolic shaped flat valley. To find the valley is trivial. To converge to the global minimum, however, is difficult. It only has one optimum located at the point o=(1,...,1). It is a quadratic function, and its search range is [-30, 30] for each variable. It is defined by:
rosenbrock = \sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2})^{2}+(1-x_{i})^{2}\right] \ ; \ -30 \leq x_i \leq 30 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The main difficulty of the Schaffer's F6 test function is that the size of the potential maxima that need to be overcome to get to a minimum increases the closer one gets to the global minimum. It is defined by:
schafferF6 = 0.5+\frac{\sin^{2}\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2}}-0.5}{(1+0.001\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{2})^{2}} \ ; \ -100 \leq x_i \leq 100 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The first function of De Jong's or Sphere function is one of the most simple test functions available in the specialized literature. This continuous, convex, unimodal and additively separable test function can be scaled up to any number of variables. It belongs to a family of functions called quadratic functions and only has one optimum in the point o=(0,...,0). The search range commonly used for the Sphere function is [-100, 100] for each decision variable. It is defined by:
sphere = \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^2 \ ; \ -100 \leq x_i \leq 100 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Schwefel's function is non-convex, multimodal, and additively separable. It is deceptive in that the global minimum is geometrically distant, over the parameter space, from the next best local minima. Therefore, the search algorithms are potentially prone to convergence in the wrong direction. In addition, it is less symmetric than the Rastrigin function and has the global minimum at the edge of the search space [-500, 500] at position o=(420.9687,...,420.9687). Additionally, there is no overall, guiding slope towards the global minimum like in Ackley's, or less extreme, in Rastrigin's function. It is defined by:
schwefel = 418.982887274338n + \sum_{i=1}^{n} -x_{i} \sin(\sqrt{|x_{i}|} \ ; \ -500 \leq x_i \leq 500 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Shifted Schwefel's Problem 1.2 function is unimodal, non-separable, and scalable. It is defined by:
sschwefel1\_2 = \sum_{i=1}^{n} { \left(\sum_{j=1}^{i} {x_{j}} \right)^2 } + f\_bias \ ; \ -500 \leq x_i \leq 500 \ ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
Some optimisation algorithms take advantage of known properties of the benchmark functions, such as local optima lying along the coordinate axes, global optimum having the same values for many variables and so on. In order to avoid the previous shortcomings, shifting vector and a single bias is introduced for some benchmark functions, reported afterwards.
The Shifted Ackley is defined by:
sackley = 20+\exp(1)-20\exp\left(-0.2\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}z_{i}^2}\right)-\exp\left(\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\cos(2\pi z_{i})\right) + f\_bias , z=x-o ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Shifted Griewank is defined by:
sgriewank = \frac{1}{4000}\sum_{i=1}^{n}z_{i}^{2}-\prod_{i=1}^{n}\cos\left(\frac{z_i}{\sqrt{i}}\right)+1 + f\_bias \ , \ z=x-o ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
The Shifted Sphere is defined by:
ssphere = \sum_{i=1}^{n} z_{i}^2 + f\_bias \ , \ z=x-o ; \ i=1,2,\ldots,n
Value
Each test function returns a single numeric value corresponding to the function evaluated on the vector x
Author(s)
Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, mzb.devel@gmail.com
References
Dieterich, J.M. and B.Hartke. 2012. Empirical review of standard benchmark functions using evolutionary global optimization. Appl.Math. 3. 1552-1564, DOI:10.4236/am.2012.330215
Barrera, J., and C. Coello Coello. 2010, Test function generators for assessing the performance of PSO algorithms in multimodal optimization, in Handbook of Swarm Intelligence, vol. 8, edited by B. Panigrahi, Y. Shi, and M.-H. Lim, chap. Adaptation, Learning, and Optimization, pp. 89-117, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17390-5 4
Problem Definitions and Evaluation Criteria for the CEC 2005 Special Session on Real-Parameter Optimization http://www.cmap.polytechnique.fr/~nikolaus.hansen/Tech-Report-May-30-05.pdf
Test functions for optimization needs: https://robertmarks.org/Classes/ENGR5358/Papers/functions.pdf
Web pages:
Test functions for optimization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_functions_for_optimization
Benchmark Problems http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/jair/pub/volume24/ortizboyer05a-html/node6.html
Test Functions for Unconstrained Global Optimization http://www-optima.amp.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/member/student/hedar/Hedar_files/TestGO_files/Page364.htm
Rosenbrock: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/rosen.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbrock_function
Sphere: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/spheref.html
Rastrigin: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/rastr.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrigin_function
Ackley: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/ackley.html
Griewank: Locatelli, M. 2003. A note on the griewank test function, Journal of Global Optimization, 25 (2), 169-174, doi:10.1023/A:1021956306041
Schaffer's F6 Xiaohong Qiu, Jun Liu. 2009. A Novel Adaptive PSO Algorithm on Schaffer's F6 Function. Hybrid Intelligent Systems, International Conference on, pp. 94-98, 2009 Ninth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems
Schwefel: https://www.sfu.ca/~ssurjano/schwef.html
See Also
hydroPSO
R Package Documentation
Browse R Packages
We want your feedback!
Note that we can't provide technical support on individual packages. You should contact the package authors for that.
Embedding an R snippet on your website
Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.