In nlmixrdevelopment/nlmixr: Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models in Population PK/PD

knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>",
  message = FALSE,
  warning = FALSE,
  out.width = "100%"
  )

## These options cache the models and the model simulations in R
## To run the actual models on your system, take the save options off.
## nlmixrVersion <- as.character(packageVersion("nlmixr"));
## options(nlmixr.save=TRUE,
##         nlmixr.save.dir=file.path(system.file(package="nlmixr"), nlmixrVersion),
##         huxtable.knit_print_df = FALSE);
## if (!dir.exists(getOption("nlmixr.save.dir")))
##     dir.create(getOption("nlmixr.save.dir"))

This shows an example of integrated workflow between xgxr nlmixr and ggPmx

library(nlmixr)
library(xgxr)
library(readr)
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(ggPMX)

Load the data

pkpd_data <- case1_pkpd %>%
  arrange(DOSE) %>%
  select(-IPRED) %>%
  mutate(TRTACT_low2high = factor(TRTACT, levels = unique(TRTACT)),
         TRTACT_high2low = factor(TRTACT, levels = rev(unique(TRTACT))),
         DAY_label = paste("Day", PROFDAY),
         DAY_label = ifelse(DAY_label == "Day 0","Baseline",DAY_label))

pk_data <- pkpd_data %>%
  filter(CMT == 2)

pk_data_cycle1 <- pk_data %>%
  filter(CYCLE == 1)

Exploratory analysis using ggplot and xgx helper functions

Use xgxr for simplified concentration over time, colored by Dose, mean +/- 95% CI

Often in exploring data it is worthwhile to plot by dose by each nominal time and add the 95% confidence interval. This typical plot can be cumbersome and lack some nice features that xgxr can help with. Note the following helper functions:

• xgx_theme_set() this sets the theme to black and white color theme and other best pratices in xgxr.

• xgx_geom_ci() which creates the Confidence Interval and mean plots in a simple interface.

• xgx_scale_y_log10() which creates a log-scale that includes the minor grids that immediately show the viewer that the plot is a semi-log plot without carefully examining the y axis.

• xgx_scale_x_time_units() which creates an appropriate scale based on your times observed and the units you use. It also allows you to convert units easily for the right display.

• xgx_annote_status() which adds a DRAFT annotation which is often considered best practice when the data or plots are draft.

xgx_theme_set() # This uses black and white theme based on xgxr best
                # pratices

# flag for labeling figures as draft
status <- "DRAFT"

time_units_dataset <- "hours"
time_units_plot    <- "days"
trtact_label       <- "Dose"
dose_label         <- "Dose (mg)"
conc_label         <- "Concentration (ng/ml)" 
auc_label          <- "AUCtau (h.(ng/ml))"
concnorm_label     <- "Normalized Concentration (ng/ml)/mg"
sex_label          <- "Sex"
w100_label         <- "WEIGHTB>100"
pd_label           <- "FEV1 (mL)"
cens_label         <- "Censored"


ggplot(data = pk_data_cycle1, aes(x     = NOMTIME,
                                  y     = LIDV,
                                  group = DOSE,
                                  color = TRTACT_high2low)) +
    xgx_geom_ci(conf_level = 0.95) + # Easy CI with xgxr
    xgx_scale_y_log10() + # semi-log plots with semi-log grid minor lines
    xgx_scale_x_time_units(units_dataset = time_units_dataset,
                           units_plot = time_units_plot) +
    # The last line creates an appropriate x scale based on time-units
    # and time unit scale
    labs(y = conc_label, color = trtact_label) +
    xgx_annotate_status(status) #  Adds draft status to plot

With this plot you see the mean concentrations confidence intervals stratified by dose

Concentration over time, faceted by Dose, mean +/- 95% CI, overlaid on gray spaghetti plots

Not only is it useful to look at the mean concentrations, it is often useful to look at the mean concentrations and their relationship between actual individual profiles. Using ggplot coupled with the xgxr helper functions used above, we can easily create these plots as well:

ggplot(data = pk_data_cycle1, aes(x = TIME, y = LIDV)) +
  geom_line(aes(group = ID), color = "grey50", size = 1, alpha = 0.3) +
  geom_cens(aes(cens=CENS)) + 
  xgx_geom_ci(aes(x = NOMTIME, color = NULL, group = NULL, shape = NULL), conf_level = 0.95) +
  xgx_scale_y_log10() +
  xgx_scale_x_time_units(units_dataset = time_units_dataset, units_plot = time_units_plot) +
  labs(y = conc_label, color = trtact_label) +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +
  facet_grid(.~TRTACT_low2high) +
  xgx_annotate_status(status)

To me it appears the variability seems to be higher with higher doses and higher with later times.

Exploring the dose linearity

A common way to explore the dose linearity is to normalize by the dose. If the confidence intervals overlap, often this is a dose linear example.

ggplot(data = pk_data_cycle1,
       aes(x = NOMTIME,
           y = LIDV / as.numeric(as.character(DOSE)),
           group = DOSE,
           color = TRTACT_high2low)) +
  xgx_geom_ci(conf_level = 0.95, alpha = 0.5, position = position_dodge(1)) +
  xgx_scale_y_log10() +
  xgx_scale_x_time_units(units_dataset = time_units_dataset, units_plot = time_units_plot) +
  labs(y = concnorm_label, color = trtact_label) +
  xgx_annotate_status(status)

This example seems to be dose-linear, with the exception of the censored data. This can be made even more clear by removing the censored data for this plot:

ggplot(data = pk_data_cycle1 %>% filter(CENS == 0),
       aes(x = NOMTIME,
           y = LIDV / as.numeric(as.character(DOSE)),
           group = DOSE,
           color = TRTACT_high2low)) +
  xgx_geom_ci(conf_level = 0.95, alpha = 0.5, position = position_dodge(1)) +
  xgx_scale_y_log10() +
  xgx_scale_x_time_units(units_dataset = time_units_dataset, units_plot = time_units_plot) +
  labs(y = concnorm_label, color = trtact_label) +
  xgx_annotate_status(status)

The lowest dose, with the most censoring, is the one that seems to be the outlier. That is likely an artifact of censoring.

Other ways to explore the data include by looking at normalized Cmax and AUC values (which we will skip in this vignette).

Exploring Covariates in the dataset

Using the xgx helper functions to ggplot you can explore the effect of high baseline weight. This particular plot is shown below:

ggplot(data = pk_data_cycle1, aes(x = NOMTIME,
                                  y = LIDV,
                                  group = WEIGHTB > 100,
                                  color = WEIGHTB > 100)) + 
    xgx_geom_ci(conf_level = 0.95) +
    xgx_scale_y_log10() +
    xgx_scale_x_time_units(units_dataset = time_units_dataset, units_plot = time_units_plot) +
    facet_grid(.~DOSE) +
    labs(y = conc_label, color = w100_label) +
    xgx_annotate_status(status)

It seems that the weight effect is not extreme for either dose group

Summary of exploratory analysis findings

From the exploratory analysis we see: - The doses seem proportional - The PK seems to have a 2-compartment model - Censoring has a large effect on the PK data.

Fitting the data with nlmixr

First we need to subset to the PK only data and rename LIDV to DV

dat <- case1_pkpd %>%
  rename(DV=LIDV) %>%
  filter(CMT %in% 1:2) %>%
  filter(TRTACT != "Placebo")

Next create a 2 compartment model:

## Use 2 compartment model
cmt2 <- function(){
  ini({
    lka <- log(0.1) # log Ka
    lv <- log(10) # Log Vc
    lcl <- log(4) # Log Cl
    lq <- log(10) # log Q
    lvp <- log(20) # Log Vp

    eta.ka ~ 0.01
    eta.v ~ 0.1
    eta.cl ~ 0.1
    logn.sd = 10
  })
  model({
    ka <- exp(lka + eta.ka)
    cl <- exp(lcl + eta.cl)
    v <- exp(lv + eta.v)
    q <- exp(lq)
    vp <- exp(lvp)
    linCmt() ~ lnorm(logn.sd)
  })
}

## Check parsing
cmt2m <- nlmixr(cmt2)
print(cmt2m)

## First try log-normal (since the variabilitiy seemed proportional to concentration)
cmt2fit.logn <- nlmixr(cmt2m, dat, "saem",
                       control=list(print=0), 
                       table=tableControl(cwres=TRUE))


## Now try proportional
cmt2fit.prop <- cmt2fit.logn %>%
    update(linCmt() ~ prop(prop.sd)) %>%
    nlmixr(est="saem", control=list(print=0),
           table=tableControl(npde=TRUE, cwres=TRUE))

## now try add+prop
cmt2fit.add.prop <- cmt2fit.prop %>%
    update(linCmt() ~ prop(prop.sd) + add(add.sd)) %>%
    nlmixr(est="saem", control=list(print=0), 
           table=tableControl(npde=TRUE, cwres=TRUE))

Now that we have run 3 different estimation methods, we can compare the results side-by-side

library(huxtable)

huxreg("lognormal"=cmt2fit.logn, "proportional"=cmt2fit.prop, "add+prop"=cmt2fit.add.prop,
       statistics=c(N="nobs", "logLik", "AIC"))

Note that the additive and proportional model has the additive component approach zero. When comparing the objective functions of log-normal and proportional models, the proportional model has the lowest objective function value. (Since we modeled log-normal without data transformation it is appropriate to compare the AIC/Objective function values)

Model Diagnostics with ggPMX

## The controller then can be piped into a specific plot
ctr <- pmx_nlmixr(cmt2fit.logn, conts = c("WEIGHTB"), cats="TRTACT", vpc=TRUE)

ctr %>% pmx_plot_npde_pred

## Modify graphical options and remove DRAFT label:
ctr %>% pmx_plot_npde_time(smooth = list(color="blue"), point = list(shape=4), is.draft=FALSE, 
                           labels = list(x = "Time after first dose (days)", y = "Normalized PDE"))

ctr %>% pmx_plot_dv_ipred(scale_x_log10=TRUE, scale_y_log10=TRUE,filter=IPRED>0.001)

ctr %>% pmx_plot_dv_pred(scale_x_log10=TRUE, scale_y_log10=TRUE,filter=IPRED>0.001)

ctr %>% pmx_plot_abs_iwres_ipred

## For this display only show 1x1 individual plot for ID 110 for time < 12
ctr %>% pmx_plot_individual(1, filter=ID == 110 & TIME > 0 & TIME < 12, 
                            facets = list(nrow = 1, ncol = 1))

ctr %>% pmx_plot_iwres_dens

ctr %>% pmx_plot_eta_qq

This creates two reports with default settings, both a pdf and word document. The report can be customized by editing the default template to include project specificities (change labels, stratifications, filtering, etc.).

ctr %>% pmx_plot_eta_box

ctr %>% pmx_plot_eta_hist

ctr %>% pmx_plot_eta_matrix

This creates two reports with default settings, both a pdf and word document. The report can be customized by editing the default template to include project specificities (change labels, stratifications, filtering, etc.).

ctr %>% pmx_plot_eta_matrix

Simulation of a new scenario with RxODE

By creating events you can simply simulate a new scenario. Perhaps your drug development team wants to explore the 100 mg dose 3 times a day dosing to see what happens with the PK. You can simply simulate from the nlmixr model using a new event table created from RxODE.

In this case we wish to simulate with some variability and see what happens at steady state:

# Start a new simulation
(ev <- et(amt=100, ii=8, ss=1))

ev$add.sampling(seq(0, 8, length.out=50))
print(ev)

A nlmixr model already includes information about the parameter estimates and can simulate without uncertainty in the population parameters or covariances, like what is done for a VPC.

If you wish to simulate 100 patients repeated by 100 different theoretical studies where you simulate from the uncertainty in the fixed parameter estimates and covariances you can very easily with nlmixr/RxODE:

set.seed(100)
sim1 <- simulate(cmt2fit.logn, events=ev, nSub=100, nStud=100)

print(sim1)

You may examine the simulated study information easily, as show in the RxODE printout:

head(sim1$thetaMat)

You can also see the covariance matricies that are simulated (note they come from an inverse Wishart distribution):

head(sim1$omegaList)

head(sim1$sigmaList)

It is also easy enough to create a plot to see what is going on with the simulation:

p1 <- plot(sim1) ## This returns a ggplot2 object

## you can tweak the plot by the standard ggplot commands
p1 + xlab("Time (hr)") + 
    ylab("Simulated Concentrations of TID steady state")

# And put the same plot on a semi-log plot
p1 + xlab("Time (hr)") + 
    ylab("Simulated Concentrations of TID steady state") +
    xgx_scale_y_log10()

For more complex simulations with variability you can also simulate dosing windows and sampling windows and use any tool you want to summarize it in the way you wish.

nlmixrdevelopment/nlmixr documentation built on Aug. 22, 2023, 2:16 p.m.