README.md
In tesselle/tabula: Analysis and Visualization of Archaeological Count Data
tabula 
Overview
An easy way to examine archaeological count data. This package provides
several tests and measures of diversity: heterogeneity and evenness
(Brillouin, Shannon, Simpson, etc.), richness and rarefaction (Chao1,
Chao2, ACE, ICE, etc.), turnover and similarity (Brainerd-Robinson,
etc.). It allows to easily visualize count data and statistical
thresholds: rank vs. abundance plots, heatmaps, Ford (1962) and Bertin
(1977) diagrams, etc. tabula provides methods for:
- Diversity measurement:
diversity(), heterogeneity(), evenness(),
richness(), rarefaction(), turnover().
- Similarity measurement and co-occurrence:
similarity(),
occurrence().
- Assessing sample size and significance:
bootstrap(), jackknife(),
simulate().
- Bertin (1977) or Ford (1962) (battleship curve) diagrams:
plot_bertin(), plot_ford().
- Seriograph (Desachy 2004):
seriograph(), matrigraph().
- Heatmaps:
plot_heatmap(), plot_spot().
kairos is a companion
package to tabula that provides functions for chronological modeling
and dating of archaeological assemblages from count data.
To cite tabula in publications use:
Frerebeau N (2019). “tabula: An R Package for Analysis, Seriation, and
Visualization of Archaeological Count Data.” Journal of Open Source
Software, 4(44), 1821.
https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01821.
Frerebeau N (2025). tabula: Analysis and Visualization of
Archaeological Count Data. Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac,
France.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1489944, R package version 3.3.1,
https://packages.tesselle.org/tabula/.
This package is a part of the tesselle project
https://www.tesselle.org.
Installation
You can install the released version of tabula from
CRAN with:
install.packages("tabula")
And the development version from Codeberg with:
# install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_git("https://codeberg.org/tesselle/tabula")
Usage
## Install extra packages (if needed)
# install.packages("folio")
## Load the package
library(tabula)
It assumes that you keep your data tidy: each variable (type/taxa)
must be saved in its own column and each observation (sample/case) must
be saved in its own row.
## Data from Lipo et al. 2015
data("mississippi", package = "folio")
## Ford diagram
plot_ford(mississippi)
## Co-occurrence of ceramic types
mississippi |>
occurrence() |>
plot_spot()
## Data from Conkey 1980, Kintigh 1989, p. 28
data("chevelon", package = "folio")
## Measure diversity by comparing to simulated assemblages
chevelon |>
heterogeneity(method = "shannon") |>
simulate(seed = 12345) |>
plot()
chevelon |>
richness(method = "count") |>
simulate(seed = 12345) |>
plot()
Translation
This package provides translations of user-facing communications, like
messages, warnings and errors, and graphical elements (axis labels). The
preferred language is by default taken from the locale. This can be
overridden by setting of the environment variable LANGUAGE (you only
need to do this once per session):
Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "<language code>")
Languages currently available are English (en) and French (fr).
Contributing
Please note that the tabula project is released with a Contributor
Code of Conduct. By contributing
to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
References
Alroy, John. 2018. “Limits to Species Richness in Terrestrial
Communities.” Edited by Eric Seabloom. *Ecology Letters* 21 (12):
1781–89. .
Baxter, M. J. 2001. “Methodological Issues in the Study of Assemblage
Diversity.” *American Antiquity* 66 (4): 715–25.
.
Berger, W. H., and F. L. Parker. 1970. “Diversity of Planktonic
Foraminifera in Deep Sea Sediments.” *Science* 168 (3937): 1345–47.
.
Bertin, Jacques. 1977. *La graphique et le traitement graphique de
l’information*. Nouvelle bibliothèque scientifique. Paris: Flammarion.
Bobrowsky, P. T., and B. F. Ball. 1989. “The Theory and Mechanics of
Ecological Diversity in Archaeology.” In *Quantifying Diversity in
Archaeology*, edited by R. D. Leonard and G. T. Jones, 4–12. New
Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boone, James L. 1987. “Defining and Measuring Midden Catchment.”
*American Antiquity* 52 (2): 336–45. .
Bowman, K. O., K. Hutcheson, E. P. Odum, and L. R. Shenton. 1971.
“Comments on the Distribution of Indices of Diversity.” In *Statistical
Ecology*, edited by E. C. Patil, E. C. Pielou, and W. E. Waters,
3:315–66. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Brainerd, G. W. 1951. “The Place of Chronological Ordering in
Archaeological Analysis.” *American Antiquity* 16 (4): 301–13.
.
Bray, J. R., and J. T. Curtis. 1957. “An Ordination of the Upland Forest
Communities of Southern Wisconsin.” *Ecological Monographs* 27 (4):
325–49. .
Brillouin, L. 1956. *Science and Information Theory*. New York: Academic
Press.
Buzas, M. A., and L.-A. C. Hayek. 1998. “SHE Analysis for Biofacies
Identification.” *Journal of Foraminiferal Research* 28 (3): 233–39.
Caprariis, P. de, R. H. Lindemann, and C. M. Collins. 1976. “A Method
for Determining Optimum Sample Size in Species Diversity Studies.”
*Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology* 8
(5): 575–81. .
Chao, A. 1984. “Nonparametric Estimation of the Number of Classes in a
Population.” *Scandinavian Journal of Statistics* 11 (4): 265–70.
———. 1987. “Estimating the Population Size for Capture Recapture Data
with Unequal Catchability.” *Biometrics* 43 (4): 783–91.
.
Chao, A., and C.-H. Chiu. 2016. “Species Richness: Estimation and
Comparison.” In *Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online*, edited by
N. Balakrishnan, T. Colton, B. Everitt, W. Piegorsch, F. Ruggeri, and J.
L. Teugels, 1–26. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
.
Chao, A., and S.-M. Lee. 1992. “Estimating the Number of Classes Via
Sample Coverage.” *Journal of the American Statistical Association* 87
(417): 210–17. .
Chiu, C.-H., Y.-T. Wang, B. A. Walther, and A. Chao. 2014. “An Improved
Nonparametric Lower Bound of Species Richness Via a Modified Good-Turing
Frequency Formula.” *Biometrics* 70 (3): 671–82.
.
Cody, M. L. 1975. “Towards a Theory of Continental Species Diversity:
Bird Distributions Over Mediterranean Habitat Gradients.” In *Ecology
and Evolution of Communities*, edited by M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond,
214–57. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Conkey, Margaret W. 1980. “The Identification of Prehistoric
Hunter-Gatherer Aggregation Sites: The Case of Altamira.” *Current
Anthropology* 21 (5): 609–30.
.
Desachy, B. 2004. “Le sériographe EPPM: un outil informatisé de
sériation graphique pour tableaux de comptages.” *Revue archéologique de
Picardie* 3 (1): 39–56. .
Dice, L. R., and H. J. Leraas. 1936. “A Graphic Method for Comparing
Several Sets of Measurements.” *Contributions from the Laboratory of
Vertebrate Genetics* 3: 1–3.
Dice, Lee R. 1945. “Measures of the Amount of Ecologic Association
Between Species.” *Ecology* 26 (3): 297–302.
.
Eren, Metin I., Anne Chao, Wen-Han Hwang, and Robert K. Colwell. 2012.
“Estimating the Richness of a Population When the Maximum Number of
Classes Is Fixed: A Nonparametric Solution to an Archaeological
Problem.” Edited by Alex Mesoudi. *PLoS ONE* 7 (5): e34179.
.
Fisher, R. A., A. S. Corbet, and C. B. Williams. 1943. “The Relation
Between the Number of Species and the Number of Individuals in a Random
Sample of an Animal Population.” *The Journal of Animal Ecology* 12 (1):
42. .
Ford, J. A. 1962. *A Quantitative Method for Deriving Cultural
Chronology*. Technical Manual 1. Washington, DC: Pan American Union.
Frerebeau, Nicolas. 2019. “Tabula: An R Package for Analysis, Seriation,
and Visualization of Archaeological Count Data.” *Journal of Open Source
Software* 4 (44): 1821. .
Gleason, H. A. 1922. “On the Relation Between Species and Area.”
*Ecology* 3 (2): 158–62. .
Gotelli, Nicholas J., and Robert K. Colwell. 2011. “Estimating Species
Richness.” In *Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and
Assessment*, edited by Anne E. Magurran and Brian J. McGill, 39–54.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hayek, L.-A. C., and M. A. Buzas. 2010. *Surveying Natural Populations:
Quantitative Tools for Assessing Biodiversity*. Second edition. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Horn, Henry S. 1966. “Measurement of "Overlap" in Comparative Ecological
Studies.” *The American Naturalist* 100 (914): 419–24.
.
Hubbs, C. L., and C. Hubbs. 1953. “An Improved Graphical Analysis and
Comparison of Series of Samples.” *Systematic Biology* 2 (2): 49–56.
.
Huntley, Deborah L. 2004. “Interaction, Boundaries, and Identities: A
Multiscalar Approach to the Organizational Scale of Pueblo IV Zuni
Society.” PhD thesis, Arizona State University.
———. 2008. *Ancestral Zuni Glaze-Decorated Pottery: Viewing Pueblo IV
Regional Organization Through Ceramic Production and Exchange*.
Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 72. Tucson:
University of Arizona Press. .
Hurlbert, S. H. 1971. “The Nonconcept of Species Diversity: A Critique
and Alternative Parameters.” *Ecology* 52 (4): 577–86.
.
Hutcheson, K. 1970. “A Test for Comparing Diversity Based on the Shannon
Formula.” *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 29 (1): 151–54.
.
Kilburn, P. D. 1966. “Analysis of the Species-Area Relation.” *Ecology*
47 (5): 831–43. .
Kintigh, K. 2006. “Ceramic Dating and Type Associations.” In *Managing
Archaeological Data: Essays in Honor of Sylvia W. Gaines*, edited by J.
Hantman and R. Most, 17–26. Anthropological Research Paper 57. Tempe,
AZ: Arizona State University. .
Kintigh, K. W. 1984. “Measuring Archaeological Diversity by Comparison
with Simulated Assemblages.” *American Antiquity* 49 (1): 44–54.
.
———. 1989. “Sample Size, Significance, and Measures of Diversity.” In
*Quantifying Diversity in Archaeology*, edited by R. D. Leonard and G.
T. Jones, 25–36. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Laxton, R. R. 1978. “The Measure of Diversity.” *Journal of Theoretical
Biology* 70 (1): 51–67. .
Leonard, Robert D., and George T. Jones, eds. 1989. *Quantifying
Diversity in Archaeology*. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Macarthur, R. H. 1965. “Patterns of Species Diversity.” *Biological
Reviews* 40 (4): 510–33.
.
Magurran, A. E. 1988. *Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement*.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Magurran, A. E., and B. J. McGill, eds. 2011. *Biological Diversity:
Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Margalef, R. 1958. “Information Theory in Ecology.” *General Systems* 3:
36–71.
McIntosh, R. P. 1967. “An Index of Diversity and the Relation of Certain
Concepts to Diversity.” *Ecology* 48 (3): 392–404.
.
Menhinick, E. F. 1964. “A Comparison of Some Species-Individuals
Diversity Indices Applied to Samples of Field Insects.” *Ecology* 45
(4): 859–61. .
Moreno, C. E., and P. Rodríguez. 2010. “A Consistent Terminology for
Quantifying Species Diversity?” *Oecologia* 163 (2): 279–82.
.
Mosrisita, Masaaki. 1959. “Measuring of Interspecific Association and
Similarity Between Communities.” *Memoirs of the Faculty of Science,
Kyushu University*, Series E, 3: 65–80.
Odum, H. T., J. E. Cantlon, and L. S. Kornicker. 1960. “An
Organizational Hierarchy Postulate for the Interpretation of
Species-Individual Distributions, Species Entropy, Ecosystem Evolution,
and the Meaning of a Species-Variety Index.” *Ecology* 41 (2): 395–95.
.
Peet, R. K. 1974. “The Measurement of Species Diversity.” *Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics* 5 (1): 285–307.
.
Pielou, E. C. 1975. *Ecological Diversity*. New York: Wiley.
Preston, F. W. 1948. “The Commonness, and Rarity, of Species.” *Ecology*
29 (3): 254–83. .
———. 1962a. “The Canonical Distribution of Commonness and Rarity: Part
I.” *Ecology* 43 (2): 185. .
———. 1962b. “The Canonical Distribution of Commonness and Rarity: Part
II.” *Ecology* 43 (3): 410–32. .
Robinson, W. S. 1951. “A Method for Chronologically Ordering
Archaeological Deposits.” *American Antiquity* 16 (4): 293–301.
.
Routledge, R. D. 1977. “On Whittaker’s Components of Diversity.”
*Ecology* 58 (5): 1120–27. .
Sander, H. L. 1968. “Marine Benthic Diversity: A Comparative Study.”
*The American Naturalist* 102 (925): 243–82.
.
Shannon, C. E. 1948. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” *The Bell
System Technical Journal* 27: 379–423.
.
Simpson, E. H. 1949. “Measurement of Diversity.” *Nature* 163 (4148):
688–88. .
Simpson, Georges Gaylord, Anne Roe, and Richard C. Lewontin. 1960.
*Quantitative Zoology*. Édition revue. New York: Harcourt, Brace and
Company.
Sorensen, Thorvald. 1948. “A Method of Establishing Groups of Equal
Amplitude in Plant Sociology Based on Similarity of Species Content and
Its Application to Analyses of the Vegetation on Danish Commons.”
*Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab* 5 (4): 1–34.
Tóthmérész, B. 1995. “Comparison of Different Methods for Diversity
Ordering.” *Journal of Vegetation Science* 6 (2): 283–90.
.
Whittaker, R. H. 1960. “Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and
California.” *Ecological Monographs* 30 (3): 279–338.
.
Wilson, M. V., and A. Shmida. 1984. “Measuring Beta Diversity with
Presence-Absence Data.” *The Journal of Ecology* 72 (3): 1055–64.
.
tesselle/tabula documentation built on June 15, 2025, 12:08 a.m.
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tabula
Overview
An easy way to examine archaeological count data. This package provides several tests and measures of diversity: heterogeneity and evenness (Brillouin, Shannon, Simpson, etc.), richness and rarefaction (Chao1, Chao2, ACE, ICE, etc.), turnover and similarity (Brainerd-Robinson, etc.). It allows to easily visualize count data and statistical thresholds: rank vs. abundance plots, heatmaps, Ford (1962) and Bertin (1977) diagrams, etc. tabula provides methods for:
- Diversity measurement:
diversity(),heterogeneity(),evenness(),richness(),rarefaction(),turnover(). - Similarity measurement and co-occurrence:
similarity(),occurrence(). - Assessing sample size and significance:
bootstrap(),jackknife(),simulate(). - Bertin (1977) or Ford (1962) (battleship curve) diagrams:
plot_bertin(),plot_ford(). - Seriograph (Desachy 2004):
seriograph(),matrigraph(). - Heatmaps:
plot_heatmap(),plot_spot().
kairos is a companion package to tabula that provides functions for chronological modeling and dating of archaeological assemblages from count data.
To cite tabula in publications use:
Frerebeau N (2019). “tabula: An R Package for Analysis, Seriation, and Visualization of Archaeological Count Data.” Journal of Open Source Software, 4(44), 1821. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01821.
Frerebeau N (2025). tabula: Analysis and Visualization of Archaeological Count Data. Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac, France. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1489944, R package version 3.3.1, https://packages.tesselle.org/tabula/.
This package is a part of the tesselle project https://www.tesselle.org.
Installation
You can install the released version of tabula from CRAN with:
install.packages("tabula")
And the development version from Codeberg with:
# install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_git("https://codeberg.org/tesselle/tabula")
Usage
## Install extra packages (if needed)
# install.packages("folio")
## Load the package
library(tabula)
It assumes that you keep your data tidy: each variable (type/taxa) must be saved in its own column and each observation (sample/case) must be saved in its own row.
## Data from Lipo et al. 2015
data("mississippi", package = "folio")
## Ford diagram
plot_ford(mississippi)
## Co-occurrence of ceramic types
mississippi |>
occurrence() |>
plot_spot()
## Data from Conkey 1980, Kintigh 1989, p. 28
data("chevelon", package = "folio")
## Measure diversity by comparing to simulated assemblages
chevelon |>
heterogeneity(method = "shannon") |>
simulate(seed = 12345) |>
plot()
chevelon |>
richness(method = "count") |>
simulate(seed = 12345) |>
plot()
Translation
This package provides translations of user-facing communications, like
messages, warnings and errors, and graphical elements (axis labels). The
preferred language is by default taken from the locale. This can be
overridden by setting of the environment variable LANGUAGE (you only
need to do this once per session):
Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "<language code>")
Languages currently available are English (en) and French (fr).
Contributing
Please note that the tabula project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
References
Alroy, John. 2018. “Limits to Species Richness in Terrestrial
Communities.” Edited by Eric Seabloom. *Ecology Letters* 21 (12):
1781–89. .
Baxter, M. J. 2001. “Methodological Issues in the Study of Assemblage
Diversity.” *American Antiquity* 66 (4): 715–25.
.
Berger, W. H., and F. L. Parker. 1970. “Diversity of Planktonic
Foraminifera in Deep Sea Sediments.” *Science* 168 (3937): 1345–47.
.
Bertin, Jacques. 1977. *La graphique et le traitement graphique de
l’information*. Nouvelle bibliothèque scientifique. Paris: Flammarion.
Bobrowsky, P. T., and B. F. Ball. 1989. “The Theory and Mechanics of
Ecological Diversity in Archaeology.” In *Quantifying Diversity in
Archaeology*, edited by R. D. Leonard and G. T. Jones, 4–12. New
Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boone, James L. 1987. “Defining and Measuring Midden Catchment.”
*American Antiquity* 52 (2): 336–45. .
Bowman, K. O., K. Hutcheson, E. P. Odum, and L. R. Shenton. 1971.
“Comments on the Distribution of Indices of Diversity.” In *Statistical
Ecology*, edited by E. C. Patil, E. C. Pielou, and W. E. Waters,
3:315–66. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Brainerd, G. W. 1951. “The Place of Chronological Ordering in
Archaeological Analysis.” *American Antiquity* 16 (4): 301–13.
.
Bray, J. R., and J. T. Curtis. 1957. “An Ordination of the Upland Forest
Communities of Southern Wisconsin.” *Ecological Monographs* 27 (4):
325–49. .
Brillouin, L. 1956. *Science and Information Theory*. New York: Academic
Press.
Buzas, M. A., and L.-A. C. Hayek. 1998. “SHE Analysis for Biofacies
Identification.” *Journal of Foraminiferal Research* 28 (3): 233–39.
Caprariis, P. de, R. H. Lindemann, and C. M. Collins. 1976. “A Method
for Determining Optimum Sample Size in Species Diversity Studies.”
*Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology* 8
(5): 575–81. .
Chao, A. 1984. “Nonparametric Estimation of the Number of Classes in a
Population.” *Scandinavian Journal of Statistics* 11 (4): 265–70.
———. 1987. “Estimating the Population Size for Capture Recapture Data
with Unequal Catchability.” *Biometrics* 43 (4): 783–91.
.
Chao, A., and C.-H. Chiu. 2016. “Species Richness: Estimation and
Comparison.” In *Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online*, edited by
N. Balakrishnan, T. Colton, B. Everitt, W. Piegorsch, F. Ruggeri, and J.
L. Teugels, 1–26. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
.
Chao, A., and S.-M. Lee. 1992. “Estimating the Number of Classes Via
Sample Coverage.” *Journal of the American Statistical Association* 87
(417): 210–17. .
Chiu, C.-H., Y.-T. Wang, B. A. Walther, and A. Chao. 2014. “An Improved
Nonparametric Lower Bound of Species Richness Via a Modified Good-Turing
Frequency Formula.” *Biometrics* 70 (3): 671–82.
.
Cody, M. L. 1975. “Towards a Theory of Continental Species Diversity:
Bird Distributions Over Mediterranean Habitat Gradients.” In *Ecology
and Evolution of Communities*, edited by M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond,
214–57. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Conkey, Margaret W. 1980. “The Identification of Prehistoric
Hunter-Gatherer Aggregation Sites: The Case of Altamira.” *Current
Anthropology* 21 (5): 609–30.
.
Desachy, B. 2004. “Le sériographe EPPM: un outil informatisé de
sériation graphique pour tableaux de comptages.” *Revue archéologique de
Picardie* 3 (1): 39–56. .
Dice, L. R., and H. J. Leraas. 1936. “A Graphic Method for Comparing
Several Sets of Measurements.” *Contributions from the Laboratory of
Vertebrate Genetics* 3: 1–3.
Dice, Lee R. 1945. “Measures of the Amount of Ecologic Association
Between Species.” *Ecology* 26 (3): 297–302.
.
Eren, Metin I., Anne Chao, Wen-Han Hwang, and Robert K. Colwell. 2012.
“Estimating the Richness of a Population When the Maximum Number of
Classes Is Fixed: A Nonparametric Solution to an Archaeological
Problem.” Edited by Alex Mesoudi. *PLoS ONE* 7 (5): e34179.
.
Fisher, R. A., A. S. Corbet, and C. B. Williams. 1943. “The Relation
Between the Number of Species and the Number of Individuals in a Random
Sample of an Animal Population.” *The Journal of Animal Ecology* 12 (1):
42. .
Ford, J. A. 1962. *A Quantitative Method for Deriving Cultural
Chronology*. Technical Manual 1. Washington, DC: Pan American Union.
Frerebeau, Nicolas. 2019. “Tabula: An R Package for Analysis, Seriation,
and Visualization of Archaeological Count Data.” *Journal of Open Source
Software* 4 (44): 1821. .
Gleason, H. A. 1922. “On the Relation Between Species and Area.”
*Ecology* 3 (2): 158–62. .
Gotelli, Nicholas J., and Robert K. Colwell. 2011. “Estimating Species
Richness.” In *Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and
Assessment*, edited by Anne E. Magurran and Brian J. McGill, 39–54.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hayek, L.-A. C., and M. A. Buzas. 2010. *Surveying Natural Populations:
Quantitative Tools for Assessing Biodiversity*. Second edition. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Horn, Henry S. 1966. “Measurement of "Overlap" in Comparative Ecological
Studies.” *The American Naturalist* 100 (914): 419–24.
.
Hubbs, C. L., and C. Hubbs. 1953. “An Improved Graphical Analysis and
Comparison of Series of Samples.” *Systematic Biology* 2 (2): 49–56.
.
Huntley, Deborah L. 2004. “Interaction, Boundaries, and Identities: A
Multiscalar Approach to the Organizational Scale of Pueblo IV Zuni
Society.” PhD thesis, Arizona State University.
———. 2008. *Ancestral Zuni Glaze-Decorated Pottery: Viewing Pueblo IV
Regional Organization Through Ceramic Production and Exchange*.
Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 72. Tucson:
University of Arizona Press. .
Hurlbert, S. H. 1971. “The Nonconcept of Species Diversity: A Critique
and Alternative Parameters.” *Ecology* 52 (4): 577–86.
.
Hutcheson, K. 1970. “A Test for Comparing Diversity Based on the Shannon
Formula.” *Journal of Theoretical Biology* 29 (1): 151–54.
.
Kilburn, P. D. 1966. “Analysis of the Species-Area Relation.” *Ecology*
47 (5): 831–43. .
Kintigh, K. 2006. “Ceramic Dating and Type Associations.” In *Managing
Archaeological Data: Essays in Honor of Sylvia W. Gaines*, edited by J.
Hantman and R. Most, 17–26. Anthropological Research Paper 57. Tempe,
AZ: Arizona State University. .
Kintigh, K. W. 1984. “Measuring Archaeological Diversity by Comparison
with Simulated Assemblages.” *American Antiquity* 49 (1): 44–54.
.
———. 1989. “Sample Size, Significance, and Measures of Diversity.” In
*Quantifying Diversity in Archaeology*, edited by R. D. Leonard and G.
T. Jones, 25–36. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Laxton, R. R. 1978. “The Measure of Diversity.” *Journal of Theoretical
Biology* 70 (1): 51–67. .
Leonard, Robert D., and George T. Jones, eds. 1989. *Quantifying
Diversity in Archaeology*. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Macarthur, R. H. 1965. “Patterns of Species Diversity.” *Biological
Reviews* 40 (4): 510–33.
.
Magurran, A. E. 1988. *Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement*.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Magurran, A. E., and B. J. McGill, eds. 2011. *Biological Diversity:
Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Margalef, R. 1958. “Information Theory in Ecology.” *General Systems* 3:
36–71.
McIntosh, R. P. 1967. “An Index of Diversity and the Relation of Certain
Concepts to Diversity.” *Ecology* 48 (3): 392–404.
.
Menhinick, E. F. 1964. “A Comparison of Some Species-Individuals
Diversity Indices Applied to Samples of Field Insects.” *Ecology* 45
(4): 859–61. .
Moreno, C. E., and P. Rodríguez. 2010. “A Consistent Terminology for
Quantifying Species Diversity?” *Oecologia* 163 (2): 279–82.
.
Mosrisita, Masaaki. 1959. “Measuring of Interspecific Association and
Similarity Between Communities.” *Memoirs of the Faculty of Science,
Kyushu University*, Series E, 3: 65–80.
Odum, H. T., J. E. Cantlon, and L. S. Kornicker. 1960. “An
Organizational Hierarchy Postulate for the Interpretation of
Species-Individual Distributions, Species Entropy, Ecosystem Evolution,
and the Meaning of a Species-Variety Index.” *Ecology* 41 (2): 395–95.
.
Peet, R. K. 1974. “The Measurement of Species Diversity.” *Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics* 5 (1): 285–307.
.
Pielou, E. C. 1975. *Ecological Diversity*. New York: Wiley.
Preston, F. W. 1948. “The Commonness, and Rarity, of Species.” *Ecology*
29 (3): 254–83. .
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