Nothing
jzs_cor <-
function(V1,V2,
alternative=c("two.sided","less","greater"),
n.iter=10000,n.burnin=500,standardize=TRUE){
runif(1) # defines .Random.seed
# standardize variables
if(standardize==TRUE){
X <- (V1-mean(V1))/sd(V1)
Y <- (V2-mean(V2))/sd(V2)
}else {
M <- V1
Y <- V2
}
r <- cor(X,Y)
n <- length(X)
# main function to analytically calculate the BF for correlation
# see Wetzels, R. & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2012). A default Bayesian hypothesis test for correlations and partial correlations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
jzs_corbf <- function(r,n){
int <- function(r,n,g){
a <- .5*((n-2)*log(1+g)-(n-1)*log(1+g*(1-r^2)))
exp(a)*dinvgamma(g,shape=.5,scale=n/2)
}
bf10 <- integrate(int,lower=0,upper=Inf,r=r,n=n)$value
return(bf10)
}
BF <- jzs_corbf(r,n)
### the next part is needed to impose an order restriction
### for the order restrictions we need to estimate the posterior samples
#==========================================================
# load JAGS models
#==========================================================
jagsmodelcorrelation <-
"####### Cauchy-prior on single regression coefficient #######
model
{
for (i in 1:n)
{
mu[i] <- intercept + alpha*x[i]
y[i] ~ dnorm(mu[i],phi)
}
# uninformative prior on the intercept intercept,
# Jeffreys' prior on precision phi
intercept ~ dnorm(0,.0001)
phi ~ dgamma(.0001,.0001)
#phi ~ dgamma(0.0000001,0.0000001) #JAGS accepts even this
#phi ~ dgamma(0.01,0.01) #WinBUGS wants this
# inverse-gamma prior on g:
g <- 1/invg
a.gamma <- 1/2
b.gamma <- n/2
invg ~ dgamma(a.gamma,b.gamma)
# g-prior on beta:
vari <- (g/phi) * invSigma
prec <- 1/vari
alpha ~ dnorm(0, prec)
}
# Explanation------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prior on g:
# We know that g ~ inverse_gamma(1/2, n/2), with 1/2 the shape
# parameter and n/2 the scale parameter.
# It follows that 1/g ~ gamma(1/2, 2/n).
# However, BUGS/JAGS uses the *rate parameterization* 1/theta instead of the
# scale parametrization theta. Hence we obtain, in de BUGS/JAGS rate notation:
# 1/g ~ dgamma(1/2, n/2)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"
jags.model.file1 <- tempfile(fileext=".txt")
write(jagsmodelcorrelation,jags.model.file1)
#========================================================================
# Estimate Posterior Distribution for the Correlation Coefficient Alpha
#========================================================================
x <- X
y <- Y
invSigma <- solve(t(x)%*%x)
jags.data <- list("n", "x", "y", "invSigma")
jags.params <- c("alpha", "g")
jags.inits <- list(
list(alpha = 0.0), #chain 1 starting value
list(alpha = -0.3), #chain 2 starting value
list(alpha = 0.3)) #chain 3 starting value
jagssamples <- jags(data=jags.data, inits=jags.inits, jags.params,
n.chains=3, n.iter=n.iter, DIC=T,
n.burnin=n.burnin, n.thin=1, model.file=jags.model.file1)
# estimate the posterior regression coefficient and scaling factor g
alpha <- jagssamples$BUGSoutput$sims.list$alpha[,1]
g <- jagssamples$BUGSoutput$sims.list$g
#-------------------------------------------------------
# one-sided test?
# save BF for one-tailed test
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of alpha < 0}
propposterior_less <- sum(alpha<0)/length(alpha)
propposterior_greater <- sum(alpha>0)/length(alpha)
# posterior proportion cannot be zero, because this renders a BF of zero
# none of the samples of the parameter follow the restriction
# ergo: the posterior proportion is smaller than 1/length(parameter)
if(propposterior_less==0){
propposterior_less <- 1/length(alpha)
}
if(propposterior_greater==0){
propposterior_greater <- 1/length(alpha)
}
BF21_less <- 2*propposterior_less
BF21_greater <- 2*propposterior_greater
if(alternative[1]=="less"){
# BF10 = p(D|a~cauchy(0,1))/p(D|a=0)
BF10 <- BF
# BF21 = p(D|a~cauchy-(0,1))/p(D|a~cauchy(0,1))
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of alpha < 0}
BF21 <- BF21_less
BF <- BF10*BF21
} else if(alternative[1]=="greater"){
# BF10 = p(D|a~cauchy(0,1))/p(D|a=0)
BF10 <- BF
# BF21 = p(D|a~cauchy+(0,1))/p(D|a~cauchy(0,1))
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of alpha > 0}
BF21 <- BF21_greater
BF <- BF10*BF21
}
#--------------------------------------------------------
# convert BFs to posterior probability
# prob cannot be exactly 1 or 0
prob_r <- BF/(BF+1)
if(prob_r == 1){
prob_r <- prob_r - .Machine$double.eps
}
if(prob_r == 0){
prob_r <- prob_r + .Machine$double.eps
}
#==================================================
# convert posterior samples for the regression coefficient x-y to correlation
cor_coef <- alpha*(sd(x)/sd(y))
#===================================================
res <- list(Correlation=mean(cor_coef),
BayesFactor=BF,
PosteriorProbability=prob_r,
alpha_samples=alpha,
jagssamples=jagssamples)
class(res) <- c("jzs_med","list")
class(res$jagssamples) <- "rjags"
class(res$alpha_samples) <- "CI"
return(res)
}
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