Nothing
jzs_med <-
function(independent,dependent,mediator,
alternativeA=c("two.sided","less","greater"),
alternativeB=c("two.sided","less","greater"),
alternativeT=c("two.sided","less","greater"),
n.iter=10000,n.burnin=500,
standardize=TRUE){
runif(1) # defines .Random.seed
# independent = vector with values for independent variable
# dependent = vector with values for dependent variable
# mediator = vector with values for mediating variable
# sample size
n <- length(independent)
X <- independent
Y <- dependent
M <- mediator
if(standardize==TRUE){
X <- (X-mean(X))/sd(X)
Y <- (Y-mean(Y))/sd(Y)
M <- (M-mean(M))/sd(M)
}
#==========================================================
# RESULTS FOR PATH ALPHA
#==========================================================
# alternativeA <- alternativeA
# n.iter <- n.iter
# n.burnin <- n.burnin
res_alpha <- jzs_cor(X,M,alternative=alternativeA,n.iter=n.iter,
n.burnin=n.burnin,standardize=standardize)
BFa <- res_alpha$BayesFactor
prob_a <- res_alpha$PosteriorProbability
alpha <- res_alpha$alpha
jagssamplesA <- res_alpha$jagssamples
#==========================================================
# we chose not to use jzs_partcor() for the results of path beta and tau
# because this would mean we'd have to fit the JAGS model three times in total
# now we can get the information for both beta and tau out of one and the same model
# function to analytically calculate the BF for partial correlation
# see Wetzels, R. & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2012). A default Bayesian hypothesis test for correlations and partial correlations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
jzs_partcor_basic <- function(V1,V2,control,standardize=TRUE){
# standardize variables
if(standardize==TRUE){
V1 <- (V1-mean(V1))/sd(V1)
V2 <- (V2-mean(V2))/sd(V2)
control <- (control-mean(control))/sd(control)
}
r0 <- sqrt(summary(lm(V1~control))$r.squared)
r1 <- sqrt(summary(lm(V1~control+V2))$r.squared)
p0 <- 1
p1 <- 2
n <- length(V1)
jzs_partcorbf <- function(r0,r1,p0,p1,n){
int <- function(r,n,p,g){
a <- .5*((n-1-p)*log(1+g)-(n-1)*log(1+g*(1-r^2)))
exp(a)*dinvgamma(g,shape=.5,scale=n/2)
}
bf10 <- integrate(int,lower=0,upper=Inf,r=r1,p=p1,n=n)$value/
integrate(int,lower=0,upper=Inf,r=r0,p=p0,n=n)$value
return(bf10)
}
BF <- jzs_partcorbf(r0,r1,p0,p1,n)
return(BF)
}
#==========================================================
# JAGS MODEL FOR PARTIAL CORRELATION
#==========================================================
jagsmodelpartialcorrelation <-
"####### Cauchy-prior on beta and tau' #######
model
{
for (i in 1:n)
{
mu[i] <- intercept + theta[1]*x[i,1] + theta[2]*x[i,2]
y[i] ~ dnorm(mu[i],phi)
}
# uninformative prior on intercept alpha,
# Jeffreys' prior on precision phi
intercept ~ dnorm(0,.0001)
phi ~ dgamma(.0001,.0001)
#phi ~ dgamma(0.0000001,0.0000001) #JAGS accepts even this
#phi ~ dgamma(0.01,0.01) #WinBUGS wants this
# inverse-gamma prior on g:
g <- 1/invg
a.gamma <- 1/2
b.gamma <- n/2
invg ~ dgamma(a.gamma,b.gamma)
# Ntzoufras, I. (2009). Bayesian Modeling Using WinBUGS.
# New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 167
# calculation of the inverse matrix of V
inverse.V <- inverse(V)
# calculation of the elements of prior precision matrix
for(i in 1:2)
{
for (j in 1:2)
{
prior.T[i,j] <- inverse.V[i,j] * phi/g
}
}
# multivariate prior for the beta vector
theta[1:2] ~ dmnorm( mu.theta, prior.T )
for(i in 1:2) { mu.theta[i] <- 0 }
}
# Explanation-----------------------------------------------------------------
# Prior on g:
# We know that g ~ inverse_gamma(1/2, n/2), with 1/2 the shape parameter and
# n/2 the scale parameter.
# It follows that 1/g ~ gamma(1/2, 2/n).
# However, BUGS/JAGS uses the *rate parameterization* 1/theta instead of the
# scale parametrization theta. Hence we obtain, in de BUGS/JAGS rate notation:
# 1/g ~ dgamma(1/2, n/2)
# Also note: JAGS does not want [,] structure
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
"
jags.model.file2 <- tempfile(fileext=".txt")
write(jagsmodelpartialcorrelation,jags.model.file2)
#==========================================================
# SAVE SAMPLES FOR PATH BETA AND TAU_ACCENT
#==========================================================
x <- cbind(X,M)
y <- Y
V <- solve(t(x)%*%x) #NB I switched to the notation from Ntzoufras, p. 167
jags.data <- list("n", "x", "y", "V")
jags.params <- c("theta")
jags.inits <- list(
list(theta = c(0.0,0.3)), #chain 1 starting value
list(theta = c(0.3, 0.0)), #chain 2 starting value
list(theta = c(-.15,.15))) #chain 3 starting value
jagssamplesTB <- jags(data=jags.data, inits=jags.inits, jags.params,
n.chains=3, n.iter=n.iter, DIC=T,
n.burnin=n.burnin, n.thin=1, model.file=jags.model.file2)
tau_accent <- jagssamplesTB$BUGSoutput$sims.list$theta[,1]
beta <- jagssamplesTB$BUGSoutput$sims.list$theta[,2]
#==========================================================
# RESULTS FOR PATH BETA
#==========================================================
BFb <- jzs_partcor_basic(M,Y,control=X,standardize=standardize)
# one-sided test beta?
# save BF for one-tailed test
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of beta < 0}
propposterior_less <- sum(beta<0)/length(beta)
propposterior_greater <- sum(beta>0)/length(beta)
# posterior proportion cannot be zero, because this renders a BF of zero
# none of the samples of the parameter follow the restriction
# ergo: the posterior proportion is smaller than 1/length(parameter)
if(propposterior_less==0){
propposterior_less <- 1/length(beta)
}
if(propposterior_greater==0){
propposterior_greater <- 1/length(beta)
}
BF21_less <- 2*propposterior_less
BF21_greater <- 2*propposterior_greater
if(alternativeB[1]=="less"){
# BF10 = p(D|b~cauchy(0,1))/p(D|b=0)
BF10 <- BFb
# BF21 = p(D|b~cauchy-(0,1))/p(D|b~cauchy(0,1))
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of beta < 0}
BF21 <- BF21_less
BFb <- BF10*BF21
} else if(alternativeB[1]=="greater"){
# BF10 = p(D|b~cauchy(0,1))/p(D|b=0)
BF10 <- BFb
# BF21 = p(D|b~cauchy+(0,1))/p(D|b~cauchy(0,1))
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of beta > 0}
BF21 <- BF21_greater
BFb <- BF10*BF21
}
#---------------------------------------------------
# convert BFb to posterior probability
# prob cannot be exactly 1 or 0
prob_b <- BFb/(BFb+1)
if(prob_b == 1){
prob_b <- prob_b - .Machine$double.eps
}
if(prob_b == 0){
prob_b <- prob_b + .Machine$double.eps
}
#=========================================
# calculate evidence for mediation (EM)
#=========================================
EM <- prob_a*prob_b
BF.EM <- EM/(1-EM)
#==========================================================
# RESULTS FOR PATH TAU_ACCENT
#==========================================================
BFt_accent <- jzs_partcor_basic(X,Y,control=M,standardize=standardize)
# one-sided test tau_accent?
# save BF for one-tailed test
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of tau_accent < 0}
propposterior_less <- sum(tau_accent<0)/length(tau_accent)
propposterior_greater <- sum(tau_accent>0)/length(tau_accent)
# posterior proportion cannot be zero, because this renders a BF of zero
# none of the samples of the parameter follow the restriction
# ergo: the posterior proportion is smaller than 1/length(parameter)
if(propposterior_less==0){
propposterior_less <- 1/length(tau_accent)
}
if(propposterior_greater==0){
propposterior_greater <- 1/length(tau_accent)
}
BF21_less <- 2*propposterior_less
BF21_greater <- 2*propposterior_greater
if(alternativeT[1]=="less"){
# BF10 = p(D|t'~cauchy(0,1))/p(D|t'=0)
BF10 <- BFt_accent
# BF21 = p(D|t'~cauchy-(0,1))/p(D|t'~cauchy(0,1))
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of tau_accent < 0}
BF21 <- BF21_less
BFt_accent <- BF10*BF21
} else if(alternativeT[1]=="greater"){
# BF10 = p(D|t'~cauchy(0,1))/p(D|t'=0)
BF10 <- BFt_accent
# BF21 = p(D|t'~cauchy+(0,1))/p(D|t'~cauchy(0,1))
# BF21 = 2*{proportion posterior samples of tau_accent > 0}
BF21 <- BF21_greater
BFt_accent <- BF10*BF21
}
#--------------------------------------------------------
# convert BFs to posterior probability
# prob cannot be exactly 1 or 0
prob_t_accent <- BFt_accent/(BFt_accent+1)
if(prob_t_accent == 1){
prob_t_accent <- prob_t_accent - .Machine$double.eps
}
if(prob_t_accent == 0){
prob_t_accent <- prob_t_accent + .Machine$double.eps
}
#===============================================================
# calculate 95% credible interval for ab
ab <- alpha*beta
CI <- quantile(ab,c(.025,.975))
#===============================================================
res <- data.frame(Estimate = c(mean(alpha),mean(beta),mean(tau_accent),mean(ab)),
BF = c(BFa,BFb,BFt_accent,BF.EM),
PostProb = c(prob_a,prob_b,prob_t_accent,EM))
rownames(res) <- c("alpha","beta","tau_prime","Mediation (alpha*beta)")
result <- list(main_result=res,
CI_ab=CI,
alpha_samples=alpha,
beta_samples=beta,
tau_prime_samples=tau_accent,
ab_samples=ab,
jagssamplesA=jagssamplesA,
jagssamplesTB=jagssamplesTB)
class(result) <- c("jzs_med","list")
class(result$main_result) <- c("JZSMed","data.frame")
class(result$jagssamplesA) <- "rjags"
class(result$jagssamplesTB) <- "rjags"
class(result$ab_samples) <- "CI"
class(result$alpha_samples) <- "CI"
class(result$beta_samples) <- "CI"
class(result$tau_prime_samples) <- "CI"
return(result)
}
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