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#' @title Minimal overlap rule
#' @description This function returns the awards vector assigned by the minimal overlap rule rule (MO) to a claims problem.
#' @param E The endowment.
#' @param d The vector of claims.
#' @param name A logical value.
#' @return The awards vector selected by the MO rule. If name = TRUE, the name of the function (MO) as a character string.
#' @details Let \eqn{E\ge 0} be the endowment to be divided and \eqn{d\in \mathcal{R}^n}{d} the vector of claims
#' with \eqn{d\ge 0} and such that \eqn{\sum_{i=1}^{n} d_i\ge E,\;}{} the sum of claims exceeds the endowment.
#'
#' The truncated claim of a claimant \eqn{i} is the minimum of the claim and the endowment:
#' \deqn{t_i(E,d)=t_i=\min\{d_i,E\},\ i=1,\dots,n}{ti=min\{di,E\}, i=1,\dots,n}
#'
#' Suppose that each agent claims specific parts of E equal to her/his
#' claim. After arranging which parts agents claim so as to “minimize
#' conflict”, equal division prevails among all agents claiming a
#' specific part and each agent receives the sum of the compensations
#' she/he gets from the various parts that he claimed.
#'
#' Let \eqn{d_0=0}{d0=0}. The minimal overlap rule is defined, for each problem \eqn{(E,d)} and each claimant \eqn{i}, as:
#'
#' If \eqn{E\le d_n} then
#' \deqn{MO_i(E,d)=\frac{t_1}{n}+\frac{t_2-t_1}{n-1}+\dots+\frac{t_i-t_{i-1}}{n-i+1}.}{%
#' MOi(E,d) = t1/n + (t2-t1)/(n-1) + \dots + (ti-t(i-1))/(n-i+1).}
#'
#' If \eqn{E>d_n} let \eqn{s\in (d_k,d_{k+1}]}{dk<s \le d(k+1)}, with \eqn{k\in \{0,1,\dots,n-2\}}{0\le k \le n-2},
#' be the unique solution to the equation \eqn{\sum_{i \in N} \max\{d_i-s,0\} =E-s}{max\{d1-s,0\}+\dots+max\{dn-s,0\}=E-s}. Then:
#' \deqn{MO_i(E,d)=\frac{d_1}{n}+\frac{d_2-d_1}{n-1}+\dots+\frac{d_i-d_{i-1}}{n-i+1}, \ i\in\{1,\dots,k\}}{%
#' MOi(E,d) = d1/n + (d2-d1)/(n-1) + \dots + (di-d(i-1))/(n-i+1), if i\le k}
#' \deqn{MO_i(E,d)=MO_i(s,d)+d_i-s, \ i\in\{k+1,\dots,n\}.}{MOi(E,d) = MOi(s,d)+di-s, if i>k+1.}
#' @seealso \link{allrules}, \link{CD}.
#' @examples
#' E=10
#' d=c(2,4,7,8)
#' MO(E,d)
#' @references Mirás Calvo, M.A., Núñez Lugilde, I., Quinteiro Sandomingo, C., and Sánchez-Rodríguez, E. (2021). The adjusted proportional and the minimal overlap rules restricted to the lower-half, higher-half, and middle domains. Working paper 2021-02, ECOBAS.
#' @references O'Neill, B. (1982). A problem of rights arbitration from the Talmud. Math. Social Sci. 2, 345-371.
#' @references Thomson, W. (2019). How to divide when there isn't enough. From Aristotle, the Talmud, and Maimonides to the axiomatics of resource allocation. Cambridge University Press.
#' @export
MO = function(E, d,name = FALSE) {
if (name == TRUE) {
rule = "MO"
return(rule)
}
########################################
# Required: (E,d) must be a claims problem, i.e., E >=0, d >=0, E <= sum(d)
########################################
n = length (d)
D = sum(d) #The number of claims and the total claim
if (E < 0 || sum((d < 0)) > 0 || E > D)
stop('(E,d) is not a claims problem.',call.=F)
#####################
# Claims in ascending order
do = sort(d, index.return = T)$x
ordenI = sort(d, index.return = T)$ix
orden = sort(ordenI, index.return = T)$ix
dnull = sum(do == 0)
########################
# Trivial cases:
if (E == 0) {
#Null endowment
rule = rep(0, length(d))
return(rule)
} else if (E == D) {
# Endowment equal to the sum of the claims
rule = d
ruleNull = rep(0, dnull)
return(rule)
} else if (dnull > 0) {
#Some claims (but not all) are zero
do = do[(dnull + 1):n]
ruleNull = rep(0, dnull)
} else {
ruleNull = c()
}
############## THE MINIMAL OVERLAP RULE ###############
n = length(do)
rule = rep(0, n)
if (sum(do >= E) == n) {
#All of the claims are bigger than E
rule = rep(1, n) * E / n
sol = E
} else if (sum(do >= E) >= 1) {
#Unless one claimant is bigger than E
j = sum(do > E)
kestr = n - j
#First claimant with d>E
sol = do[kestr]
rule[1] = do[1] / n
#First claimant
if (kestr > 1) {
for (i in 2:kestr) {
rule[i] = rule[i - 1] + (do[i] - do[i - 1]) / (n - i + 1)
#Awards for claimants with d<E
}
}
if (kestr < n) {
for (i in (kestr + 1):n) {
rule[i] = rule[kestr] + (E - do[kestr]) / (n - kestr)
#Awards for claimants with d>E
}
}
} else {
#All the claims are smaller than E
t = rep(0, n)
for (j in 0:(n - 1)) {
t[j + 1] = (sum(do[(j + 1):n]) - E) / (n - (j + 1))
}
t = max(t)
sol = t
kestr = n - sum(do > t)
#We calculate the player k
if (kestr == 0) {
rule = ((do - t) + t / n) * rep(1, n)
} else {
if (kestr > 1) {
rule[1] = do[1] / n
for (i in 2:kestr) {
#Awards for players smaller than k
rule[i] = rule[i - 1] + (do[i] - do[i - 1]) / (n - i + 1)
}
}
if (kestr < n) {
rule[1] = do[1] / n
for (i in (kestr + 1):n) {
#Awards for players bigger than k
rule[i] = rule[kestr] + (do[i] - t) + (t - do[kestr]) / (n - kestr)
}
}
}
}
####### ADDING the null claimants and REORDERING #####
rule = c(ruleNull, rule)
#Adding the null claimants
rule = rule[orden]#Reordering the claimants
return(rule)
}
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