ci.c: Confidence interval for a contrast in a fixed effects ANOVA

In MBESS: The MBESS R Package

Confidence interval for a contrast in a fixed effects ANOVA

Description

Function to calculate the exact confidence interval for a contrast in a fixed effects analysis of variance context. This function assumes homogeneity of variance (as does the ANOVA upon which 's.anova' is based).

Usage

ci.c(means = NULL, s.anova = NULL, c.weights = NULL, n = NULL, 
N = NULL, Psi = NULL, conf.level = 0.95, alpha.lower = NULL, 
alpha.upper = NULL, df.error = NULL, ...)

Arguments

means	a vector of the group means or the means of the particular level of the effect (for fixed effect designs)
s.anova	the standard deviation of the errors from the ANOVA model (i.e., the square root of the mean square error)
c.weights	the contrast weights (choose weights so that the positive c-weights sum to 1 and the negative c-weights sum to -1; i.e., use fractional values not integers).
n	sample sizes per group or level of the particular factor (if length 1 it is assumed that the per group/level sample sizes are equal)
N	total sample size
Psi	the (unstandardized) contrast effect, obtained by multiplying the jth mean by the jth contrast weight (this is the unstandardized effect)
conf.level	confidence interval coverage (i.e., 1- Type I error rate); default is .95
alpha.lower	Type I error for the lower confidence limit
alpha.upper	Type I error for the upper confidence limit
df.error	the degrees of freedom for the error. In one-way designs, this is simply N-length (means) and need not be specified; it must be specified if the design has multiple factors.
...	allows one to potentially include parameter values for inner functions

Value

Returns the confidence limits for the contrast:

Lower.Conf.Limit.Contrast	the lower confidence limit for the contrast effect
Contrast	the value of the estimated unstandardized contrast effect
Upper.Conf.Limit.Contrast	the upper confidence limit for the contrast effect

Note

Be sure to use the standard deviation and not the error variance for s.anova, not the square of this value (the error variance) which would come from the source table (i.e., do not use the variance of the error but rather use its square root, the standard deviation).

Be sure to use fractional c-weights when doing complex contrasts (not integers) to specify c.weights. For example, in an ANCOVA of four groups, if the user wants to compare the mean of group 1 and 2 with the mean of group 3 and 4, c.weights should be specified as c(0.5, 0.5, -0.5, -0.5) rather than c(1, 1, -1, -1). Make sure the sum of the contrast weights is zero.

Author(s)

Ken Kelley (University of Notre Dame; [e-mail])

References

Kelley, K. (2007). Constructing confidence intervals for standardized effect sizes: Theory, application, and implementation. Journal of Statistical Software, 20 (8), 1–24.

Steiger, J. H. (2004). Beyond the F Test: Effect size confidence intervals and tests of close fit in the analysis of variance and contrast analysis. Psychological Methods, 9, 164–182.

See Also

conf.limits.nct, ci.sc, ci.src, ci.smd, ci.smd.c, ci.sm

Examples

# Here is a four group example. Suppose that the means of groups 1--4 are 2, 4, 9, 
# and 13, respectively. Further, let the error variance be .64 and thus the standard
# deviation would be .80 (note we use the standard deviation in the function, not the 
# variance). The contrast of interest here is the average of groups 1 and 4 versus the 
# average of groups 2 and 3. 

ci.c(means=c(2, 4, 9, 13), s.anova=.80, c.weights=c(.5, -.5, -.5, .5), 
n=c(3, 3, 3, 3), N=12, conf.level=.95)


# Here is an example with two groups. 
ci.c(means=c(1.6, 0), s.anova=.80, c.weights=c(1, -1), n=c(10, 10), N=20, conf.level=.95)


# An example given by Maxwell and Delaney (2004, pp. 155--171) :
# 24 subjects of mild hypertensives are assigned to one of four treatments: drug 
# therapy, biofeedback, dietary modification, and a treatment combining all the 
# three previous treatments. Subjects' blood pressure is measured two weeks
# after the termination of treatment. Now we want to form a 95% level
# confidence interval for the difference in blood pressure between subjects
# who received drug treatment and those who received biofeedback treatment 

## Drug group's mean = 94; group size=4
## Biofeedback group's mean = 91; group size=6 
## Diet group's mean = 92; group size=5
## Combination group's mean = 83; group size=5
## Mean Square Within (i.e., 'error.variance') = 67.375

ci.c(means=c(94, 91, 92, 83), s.anova=sqrt(67.375), c.weights=c(1, -1, 0, 0), 
n=c(4, 6, 5, 5), N=20, conf.level=.95)

MBESS documentation built on Oct. 26, 2023, 9:07 a.m.