Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References See Also Examples
Returns an object of class Mort1Dsmooth
which is a P-splines
smooth of the input data of degree and order fixed by the
user. Specifically tailored to mortality data.
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
x |
a vector with the values of the predictor variable. These must be at least
|
y |
a vector with a set of counts response variable values. |
offset |
this can be used to specify an a priori known component
to be included in the linear predictor during fitting. This should be
|
w |
an optional vector of weights to be used in the fitting
process. This should be |
overdispersion |
logical on the accounting for overdisperion in
the smoothing parameter selection criterion. See |
ndx |
number of internal knots -1. Default: |
deg |
degree of the B-splines. Default: 3. |
pord |
order of differences. Default: 2. |
lambda |
smoothing parameter (optional). |
df |
a number which specifies the degrees of freedom (optional). |
method |
the method for controlling the amount of
smoothing. |
coefstart |
an optional vector of starting coefficients. |
control |
a list of control parameters. See |
The method fits a P-spline model with equally-spaced B-splines along
x
. The response variables must be Poisson distributed counts,
though overdisperion can be accounted. Offset can be provided,
otherwise the default is that all weights are one.
The function is specifically tailored to smooth mortality data in
one-dimensional setting. In such case the argument x
would be
either the ages or the years under study. Death counts will be the
argument y
. In a Poisson regression setting applied to actual
death counts the offset
will be the logarithm of the exposure
population. See example below.
The function can obviously account for zero counts and definite
offset. In a mortality context, the user can apply the function to
data with zero deaths, but it has to take care that no exposures are equal
to zero, i.e. offset equal to minus infinitive. In this last case, the
argument w
can help. The user would need to set weights equal
to zero when exposures are equal to zero leading to interpolation of
the data. See example below.
Regardless the presence of exposures equal to zero, the argument
w
can also be used for extrapolation and interpolation of the
data. Nevertheless see the function
predict.Mort1Dsmooth
for a more comprehensive way to
forecast mortality rates.
The method produces results similar to function smooth.spline
,
but the smoothing function is a B-spline smooth with discrete
penalization directly on the differences of the B-splines
coefficients. The user can set the order of difference, the degree of
the B-splines and number of them. Nevertheless, the smoothing
parameter lambda
is mainly used to tune the smoothness/model
fidelity of the fitted values.
The range in which lambda is searched is given in control
-
RANGE
. Though it can be modified, the default values are
suitable for most of the application.
There are print.Mort1Dsmooth
,
summary.Mort1Dsmooth
, plot.Mort1Dsmooth
,
predict.Mort1Dsmooth
and
residuals.Mort1Dsmooth
methods available for this
function.
Four methods for optimizing the smoothing parameter are available. The BIC
is set as default. Minimization of the AIC is also possible. BIC will
give always smoother outcomes with respect to AIC, especially for
large sample size. Alternatively the user can directly provide the
smoothing parameter (method=3
) or the degree of freedom to be
used in the model (method=4
). Note that Mort1Dsmooth
uses approximated degree of freedom, therefore method=4
will
produce fitted values with degree of freedom only similar to the one
provided in df
. The tolerance level can be set via
control
- TOL2
.
Note that the 'ultimate' smoothing with very large lambda will
approach to a polynomial of degree pord
.
Starting coeffients for the B-spline basis can be provided by the user. This feature can be useful when a grid-search is manually performed by the user.
The argument overdispersion
can be set to TRUE
when possible presence of
over(under)dispersion needs to be considered in the selection of the
smoothing parameter. Mortality data often present overdispersion
also known, in demography, as heterogeneity. Duplicates in insurance
data can lead to overdispersed data, too. Smoothing parameter
selection may be affected by this phenomenon. When
overdispersion=TRUE
, the function uses a penalized
quasi-likelihood method for including an overdisperion parameter
(psi2
) in the fitting procedure. With this approach expected
values are assumed equal to the variance multiplied by the parameter
psi2
. See reference. Note that the inclusion of the
overdisperion parameter within the estimation might lead to select
higher lambda, leading to smoother outcomes. When
overdispersion=FALSE
(default value) or method=3
or
method=4
, psi2
is estimated after the smoothing
parameter have been employed. Overdispersion parameter considerably larger
(smaller) than 1 may be a sign of overdispersion (underdispersion).
The control
argument is a list that can supply any of the
following components:
MON
: Logical. If TRUE
tracing information on the
progress of the fitting is produced. Default: FALSE
.
TOL1
: The absolute convergence tolerance for each completed
scoring algorithm. Default: 1e-06.
TOL2
: Difference between two adjacent smoothing parameters in
the (pseudo) grid search, log-scale. Useful only when method
is
equal to 1, 2 or 4. Default: 0.5.
RANGE
: Range of smoothing parameters in which the grid-search
is applied, commonly taken in log-scale. Default: [10^-4 ; 10^6].
MAX.IT
: The maximum number of iterations for each completed
scoring algorithm. Default: 50.
The arguments MON
, TOL1
and MAX.IT
are kept
during all the grid search when method
is equal to 1,
2 or 4. Function cleversearch
from package
svcm
is employed to speed the grid search. See
Mort1Dsmooth_optimize
for details.
An object of the class Mort1Dsmooth
with components:
coefficients |
vector of fitted (penalized) B-splines coefficients. |
residuals |
the deviance residuals. |
fitted.values |
vector of fitted counts. |
linear.predictor |
vector of fitted linear predictor. |
logmortality |
fitted mortality rates in log-scale. |
lev |
diagonal of the hat-matrix. |
df |
effective dimension. |
deviance |
Poisson Deviance. |
aic |
Akaike's Information Criterion. |
bic |
Bayesian Information Criterion. |
psi2 |
overdispersion parameter. |
lambda |
the selected (given) smoothing parameter lambda. |
call |
the matched call. |
n |
number of observations. |
tolerance |
the used tolerance level. |
B |
the B-splines basis. |
ndx |
the number of internal knots -1. |
deg |
degree of the B-splines. |
pord |
order of difference. |
x |
values of the predictor variable. |
y |
set of counts response variable values. |
offset |
vector of the offset. |
w |
vector of weights used in the model. |
Carlo G Camarda
Eilers P. H. C. and B. D. Marx (1996). Flexible Smoothing with B-splines and Penalties. Statistical Science. 11, 89-121.
Camarda, C. G. (2012). MortalitySmooth: An R Package for Smoothing Poisson Counts with P-Splines. Journal of Statistical Software. 50, 1-24. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v50/i01/.
predict.Mort1Dsmooth
,
plot.Mort1Dsmooth
, Mort1Dsmooth_optimize
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | ## selected data
years <- 1950:2006
death <- selectHMDdata("Japan", "Deaths", "Females",
ages = 80, years = years)
exposure <- selectHMDdata("Japan", "Exposures", "Females",
ages = 80, years = years)
## various fits
## default using Bayesian Information Criterion
fitBIC <- Mort1Dsmooth(x=years, y=death,
offset=log(exposure))
fitBIC
summary(fitBIC)
## subjective choice of the smoothing parameter lambda
fitLAM <- Mort1Dsmooth(x=years, y=death,
offset=log(exposure),
method=3, lambda=10000)
## plot
plot(years, log(death/exposure),
main="Mortality rates, log-scale.
Japanese females, age 80, 1950:2006")
lines(years, fitBIC$logmortality, col=2, lwd=2)
lines(years, fitLAM$logmortality, col=3, lwd=2)
legend("topright", c("Actual", "BIC", "lambda=10000"),
col=1:3, lwd=c(1,2,2), lty=c(-1,1,1),
pch=c(1,-1,-1))
## see vignettes for examples on
## - Extra-Poisson variation
## - interpolation
## - extrapolation
|
Loading required package: svcm
Loading required package: Matrix
Loading required package: splines
Loading required package: lattice
Call:
Mort1Dsmooth(x = years, y = death, offset = log(exposure))
Number of Observations : 57
Effective dimension : 10.36
(Selected) smoothing parameter : 316.23
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC): 617.25
Call:
Mort1Dsmooth(x = years, y = death, offset = log(exposure))
Number of Observations : 57
Effective dimension : 10.36
(Selected) smoothing parameter : 316.23
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) : 617.25
Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) : 596.09
(Estimated) dispersion parameter (psi^2): 12.3
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-7.0301 -1.6907 -0.3916 2.1113 7.4556
Settings and control:
number of B-splines : 14
degree of the B-splines: 3
order of differences : 2
convergence tolerance : 5.9079e-08
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