standardize: Standardize
In ensr: Elastic Net SearcheR
Description
Usage
Arguments
Examples
Description
Center and scale vectors by mean/standard deviation or median/IQR with the
option to base the standardization only on unique observations.
Usage
1
2
standardize(x, stats = list(center = "mean", scale = "sd"),
use_unique = TRUE, margin)
Arguments
x
numeric data to standardize
stats
a list defining the centering and scaling statistics.
use_unique
use only unique values of x when determining the
values for the stats.
margin
passed to apply if x is a matrix or array. If you want
to use all the data in the array for the calculation of the statistics pass
margin = 0.
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
x <- 1:100
standardize(x)
standardize(x, stats = list(center = "median", scale = "IQR"))
xmat <- matrix(1:50, nrow = 10)
standardize(xmat, margin = 0)
standardize(xmat, margin = 1)
standardize(xmat, margin = 2)
xarray <- array(1:60, dim = c(5, 2, 6))
standardize(xarray, margin = 0)
standardize(xarray, margin = 1:2)
# Standardize a data.frame
standardize(mtcars)
# a generic list object
alist <- list(x = rep(1:10, 2), y = rnorm(100), z = matrix(1:10, nrow = 2))
standardize(alist, margin = 0)
standardize(alist, margin = 1)
Example output
Loading required package: glmnet
Loading required package: Matrix
Loaded glmnet 4.0-2
[1] -1.70622042 -1.67175132 -1.63728222 -1.60281312 -1.56834402 -1.53387492
[7] -1.49940582 -1.46493672 -1.43046762 -1.39599852 -1.36152943 -1.32706033
[13] -1.29259123 -1.25812213 -1.22365303 -1.18918393 -1.15471483 -1.12024573
[19] -1.08577663 -1.05130753 -1.01683843 -0.98236933 -0.94790023 -0.91343113
[25] -0.87896203 -0.84449293 -0.81002384 -0.77555474 -0.74108564 -0.70661654
[31] -0.67214744 -0.63767834 -0.60320924 -0.56874014 -0.53427104 -0.49980194
[37] -0.46533284 -0.43086374 -0.39639464 -0.36192554 -0.32745644 -0.29298734
[43] -0.25851825 -0.22404915 -0.18958005 -0.15511095 -0.12064185 -0.08617275
[49] -0.05170365 -0.01723455 0.01723455 0.05170365 0.08617275 0.12064185
[55] 0.15511095 0.18958005 0.22404915 0.25851825 0.29298734 0.32745644
[61] 0.36192554 0.39639464 0.43086374 0.46533284 0.49980194 0.53427104
[67] 0.56874014 0.60320924 0.63767834 0.67214744 0.70661654 0.74108564
[73] 0.77555474 0.81002384 0.84449293 0.87896203 0.91343113 0.94790023
[79] 0.98236933 1.01683843 1.05130753 1.08577663 1.12024573 1.15471483
[85] 1.18918393 1.22365303 1.25812213 1.29259123 1.32706033 1.36152943
[91] 1.39599852 1.43046762 1.46493672 1.49940582 1.53387492 1.56834402
[97] 1.60281312 1.63728222 1.67175132 1.70622042
attr(,"center")
[1] 50.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 29.01149
[1] -1.00000000 -0.97979798 -0.95959596 -0.93939394 -0.91919192 -0.89898990
[7] -0.87878788 -0.85858586 -0.83838384 -0.81818182 -0.79797980 -0.77777778
[13] -0.75757576 -0.73737374 -0.71717172 -0.69696970 -0.67676768 -0.65656566
[19] -0.63636364 -0.61616162 -0.59595960 -0.57575758 -0.55555556 -0.53535354
[25] -0.51515152 -0.49494949 -0.47474747 -0.45454545 -0.43434343 -0.41414141
[31] -0.39393939 -0.37373737 -0.35353535 -0.33333333 -0.31313131 -0.29292929
[37] -0.27272727 -0.25252525 -0.23232323 -0.21212121 -0.19191919 -0.17171717
[43] -0.15151515 -0.13131313 -0.11111111 -0.09090909 -0.07070707 -0.05050505
[49] -0.03030303 -0.01010101 0.01010101 0.03030303 0.05050505 0.07070707
[55] 0.09090909 0.11111111 0.13131313 0.15151515 0.17171717 0.19191919
[61] 0.21212121 0.23232323 0.25252525 0.27272727 0.29292929 0.31313131
[67] 0.33333333 0.35353535 0.37373737 0.39393939 0.41414141 0.43434343
[73] 0.45454545 0.47474747 0.49494949 0.51515152 0.53535354 0.55555556
[79] 0.57575758 0.59595960 0.61616162 0.63636364 0.65656566 0.67676768
[85] 0.69696970 0.71717172 0.73737374 0.75757576 0.77777778 0.79797980
[91] 0.81818182 0.83838384 0.85858586 0.87878788 0.89898990 0.91919192
[97] 0.93939394 0.95959596 0.97979798 1.00000000
attr(,"center")
[1] 50.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 49.5
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.680686 -0.9946918 -0.30869745 0.3772969 1.063291
[2,] -1.612087 -0.9260924 -0.24009802 0.4458963 1.131891
[3,] -1.543487 -0.8574929 -0.17149859 0.5144958 1.200490
[4,] -1.474888 -0.7888935 -0.10289915 0.5830952 1.269090
[5,] -1.406288 -0.7202941 -0.03429972 0.6516946 1.337689
[6,] -1.337689 -0.6516946 0.03429972 0.7202941 1.406288
[7,] -1.269090 -0.5830952 0.10289915 0.7888935 1.474888
[8,] -1.200490 -0.5144958 0.17149859 0.8574929 1.543487
[9,] -1.131891 -0.4458963 0.24009802 0.9260924 1.612087
[10,] -1.063291 -0.3772969 0.30869745 0.9946918 1.680686
attr(,"center")
[1] 25.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 14.57738
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111
[2,] -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555
[3,] 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
[4,] 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555
[5,] 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111
[6,] -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111
[7,] -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555
[8,] 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
[9,] 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555
[10,] 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.4863011
[2,] -1.1560120 -1.1560120 -1.1560120 -1.1560120 -1.1560120
[3,] -0.8257228 -0.8257228 -0.8257228 -0.8257228 -0.8257228
[4,] -0.4954337 -0.4954337 -0.4954337 -0.4954337 -0.4954337
[5,] -0.1651446 -0.1651446 -0.1651446 -0.1651446 -0.1651446
[6,] 0.1651446 0.1651446 0.1651446 0.1651446 0.1651446
[7,] 0.4954337 0.4954337 0.4954337 0.4954337 0.4954337
[8,] 0.8257228 0.8257228 0.8257228 0.8257228 0.8257228
[9,] 1.1560120 1.1560120 1.1560120 1.1560120 1.1560120
[10,] 1.4863011 1.4863011 1.4863011 1.4863011 1.4863011
, , 1
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.689165 -1.402866
[2,] -1.631905 -1.345606
[3,] -1.574645 -1.288346
[4,] -1.517386 -1.231086
[5,] -1.460126 -1.173827
, , 2
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.1165668 -0.8302676
[2,] -1.0593069 -0.7730078
[3,] -1.0020471 -0.7157479
[4,] -0.9447873 -0.6584881
[5,] -0.8875274 -0.6012283
, , 3
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -0.5439684 -0.25766925
[2,] -0.4867086 -0.20040942
[3,] -0.4294488 -0.14314958
[4,] -0.3721889 -0.08588975
[5,] -0.3149291 -0.02862992
, , 4
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.02862992 0.3149291
[2,] 0.08588975 0.3721889
[3,] 0.14314958 0.4294488
[4,] 0.20040942 0.4867086
[5,] 0.25766925 0.5439684
, , 5
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.6012283 0.8875274
[2,] 0.6584881 0.9447873
[3,] 0.7157479 1.0020471
[4,] 0.7730078 1.0593069
[5,] 0.8302676 1.1165668
, , 6
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1.173827 1.460126
[2,] 1.231086 1.517386
[3,] 1.288346 1.574645
[4,] 1.345606 1.631905
[5,] 1.402866 1.689165
attr(,"center")
[1] 30.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 17.46425
, , 1
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[2,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[3,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[4,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[5,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
, , 2
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[2,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[3,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[4,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[5,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
, , 3
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[2,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[3,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[4,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[5,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
, , 4
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[2,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[3,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[4,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[5,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
, , 5
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[2,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[3,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[4,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[5,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
, , 6
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[2,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[3,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[4,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[5,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec
1 0.14768824 0 -0.51568344 -0.4525585 0.49231805 -0.5556810353 -0.75453005
2 0.14768824 0 -0.51568344 -0.4525585 0.49231805 -0.3069665179 -0.44863949
3 0.44306473 -1 -0.91264575 -0.6752649 0.40021773 -0.8482863499 0.41987121
4 0.21332746 0 0.23243783 -0.4525585 -1.01812712 0.0246528386 0.87324472
5 -0.22973727 1 1.01109467 0.3989660 -0.88918668 0.2441068245 -0.44863949
6 -0.32819609 0 -0.01948056 -0.5180603 -1.60756914 0.2636138455 1.29930658
7 -0.95176867 1 1.01109467 1.3159924 -0.77866630 0.3709024608 -1.09319460
8 0.70562160 -1 -0.61721419 -1.0813765 0.10549672 0.0002690624 1.17913528
9 0.44306473 -1 -0.66225414 -0.6490641 0.52915818 -0.0387449796 2.76321141
10 -0.14768824 0 -0.45766588 -0.2822536 0.52915818 0.2441068245 0.25053894
11 -0.37742551 0 -0.45766588 -0.2822536 0.52915818 0.2441068245 0.57827882
12 -0.60716277 1 0.36832108 0.4644679 -1.03654719 0.8585779851 -0.24107089
13 -0.45947453 1 0.36832108 0.4644679 -1.03654719 0.5269586286 -0.13182427
14 -0.80408043 1 0.36832108 0.4644679 -1.03654719 0.5757261810 0.08666899
15 -1.59175106 1 1.86609041 0.7919773 -1.29442807 2.0094922224 0.07574433
16 -1.59175106 1 1.77448372 0.9229811 -1.16548763 2.1792033048 -0.01165297
17 -0.88612946 1 1.62180591 1.1194867 -0.74182618 2.1021505720 -0.23014623
18 2.01840598 -1 -1.13631875 -1.0289750 0.82387919 -0.9653284757 0.88963172
19 1.69020989 -1 -1.15922042 -1.2123803 2.38958455 -1.5359088391 0.37071023
20 2.26455305 -1 -1.19433632 -1.0420754 1.08176007 -1.3213316084 1.12451197
21 0.22973727 -1 -0.82027568 -0.6228634 0.12391679 -0.7068604478 1.18459762
22 -0.75485102 1 0.69047126 0.0714566 -1.60756914 0.3221349084 -0.53057446
23 -0.80408043 1 0.58359680 0.0714566 -0.88918668 0.2392300693 -0.29569421
24 -1.11586672 1 0.93475576 1.3159924 0.17917698 0.6342472439 -1.32807485
25 -0.14768824 1 1.31645029 0.3989660 -1.01812712 0.6391239992 -0.43225250
26 1.18150594 -1 -1.13402858 -1.0289750 0.82387919 -1.2237965036 0.57827882
27 0.96817848 -1 -0.81874890 -0.7014656 1.46858139 -1.0238495386 -0.62343410
28 1.69020989 -1 -1.01112294 -0.4132573 0.25285723 -1.6353946461 -0.51418747
29 -0.70562160 1 0.94238965 1.5648995 1.08176007 -0.0192379586 -1.82514702
30 -0.06563922 0 -0.63019180 0.3989660 -0.02344372 -0.4093783780 -1.27891387
31 -0.83690004 1 0.56069512 2.4950263 -0.17080422 0.3709024608 -1.77052370
32 0.21332746 -1 -0.81340518 -0.4656588 0.87913937 -0.3996248675 0.41440888
vs am gear carb
1 -0.7071068 0.7071068 0 0.0000000
2 -0.7071068 0.7071068 0 0.0000000
3 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
4 0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -1.1504475
5 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
6 0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -1.1504475
7 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
8 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
9 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
10 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 0.0000000
11 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 0.0000000
12 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.3834825
13 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.3834825
14 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.3834825
15 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
16 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
17 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
18 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
19 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
20 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
21 0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -1.1504475
22 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
23 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
24 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
25 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
26 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
27 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 -0.7669650
28 0.7071068 0.7071068 1 -0.7669650
29 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 0.0000000
30 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 0.7669650
31 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 1.5339300
32 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
$x
[1] -1.4863011 -1.1560120 -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446
[7] 0.4954337 0.8257228 1.1560120 1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.1560120
[13] -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446 0.4954337 0.8257228
[19] 1.1560120 1.4863011
attr(,"center")
[1] 5.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 3.02765
$y
[1] 0.10625066 -1.88413555 0.34513262 -0.71189748 -0.55119418 0.74940410
[7] -0.80083805 -0.18964579 0.24373647 2.22628588 0.71495168 1.24173164
[13] 2.16731919 -0.99346527 1.60146741 0.92726922 0.96993794 2.37766744
[19] 0.77141110 -0.63061400 0.33895873 -0.62426650 -0.01110960 0.33765584
[25] 0.95081660 1.28944107 0.65060141 -0.63327703 -0.43742944 -1.26150516
[31] -2.16338972 -0.25246399 -0.22795866 -1.30432006 -0.28837116 -0.10238699
[37] 2.35435444 -0.78338637 1.40739746 0.21238002 0.21741281 -0.74115925
[43] 0.14662203 -0.78861580 -0.18371652 0.06834830 -0.47139174 -0.50626033
[49] -0.27830278 -0.10259497 -1.58315784 -0.62660717 0.19041858 -0.17271335
[55] 1.36452672 -1.94918770 0.88115631 1.17636462 -0.09827059 -1.32451631
[61] -0.05073451 -0.76181444 -0.21691524 -2.41325221 -2.03985098 -1.32355363
[67] -0.60907533 -1.13399286 0.40493157 -0.05654742 -1.20724449 1.34522915
[73] -0.81941472 -0.43443199 -1.16247734 1.42672430 0.29079381 1.18505974
[79] 1.14259591 0.37309120 0.50264384 -0.32598598 0.31568621 -0.32410431
[85] -0.66577336 1.75048658 -0.56511276 1.05603181 0.41408866 -0.19931699
[91] 0.21902734 -0.56845697 0.67063633 0.71617680 1.03591345 0.62700349
[97] -0.83426663 -0.71351882 -0.42789749 0.02674730
attr(,"center")
[1] 0.01045266
attr(,"scale")
[1] 0.9465515
$z
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.486301 -0.8257228 -0.1651446 0.4954337 1.156012
[2,] -1.156012 -0.4954337 0.1651446 0.8257228 1.486301
attr(,"center")
[1] 5.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 3.02765
$x
[1] -1.4863011 -1.1560120 -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446
[7] 0.4954337 0.8257228 1.1560120 1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.1560120
[13] -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446 0.4954337 0.8257228
[19] 1.1560120 1.4863011
attr(,"center")
[1] 5.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 3.02765
$y
[1] 0.10625066 -1.88413555 0.34513262 -0.71189748 -0.55119418 0.74940410
[7] -0.80083805 -0.18964579 0.24373647 2.22628588 0.71495168 1.24173164
[13] 2.16731919 -0.99346527 1.60146741 0.92726922 0.96993794 2.37766744
[19] 0.77141110 -0.63061400 0.33895873 -0.62426650 -0.01110960 0.33765584
[25] 0.95081660 1.28944107 0.65060141 -0.63327703 -0.43742944 -1.26150516
[31] -2.16338972 -0.25246399 -0.22795866 -1.30432006 -0.28837116 -0.10238699
[37] 2.35435444 -0.78338637 1.40739746 0.21238002 0.21741281 -0.74115925
[43] 0.14662203 -0.78861580 -0.18371652 0.06834830 -0.47139174 -0.50626033
[49] -0.27830278 -0.10259497 -1.58315784 -0.62660717 0.19041858 -0.17271335
[55] 1.36452672 -1.94918770 0.88115631 1.17636462 -0.09827059 -1.32451631
[61] -0.05073451 -0.76181444 -0.21691524 -2.41325221 -2.03985098 -1.32355363
[67] -0.60907533 -1.13399286 0.40493157 -0.05654742 -1.20724449 1.34522915
[73] -0.81941472 -0.43443199 -1.16247734 1.42672430 0.29079381 1.18505974
[79] 1.14259591 0.37309120 0.50264384 -0.32598598 0.31568621 -0.32410431
[85] -0.66577336 1.75048658 -0.56511276 1.05603181 0.41408866 -0.19931699
[91] 0.21902734 -0.56845697 0.67063633 0.71617680 1.03591345 0.62700349
[97] -0.83426663 -0.71351882 -0.42789749 0.02674730
attr(,"center")
[1] 0.01045266
attr(,"scale")
[1] 0.9465515
$z
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.2649111 0.0000000 1.264911 -0.6324555 0.6324555
[2,] -0.6324555 0.6324555 -1.264911 0.0000000 1.2649111
ensr documentation built on May 1, 2019, 8:56 p.m.
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Description Usage Arguments Examples
Description
Center and scale vectors by mean/standard deviation or median/IQR with the option to base the standardization only on unique observations.
Usage
1 2 | standardize(x, stats = list(center = "mean", scale = "sd"),
use_unique = TRUE, margin)
|
Arguments
x |
numeric data to standardize |
stats |
a list defining the centering and scaling statistics. |
use_unique |
use only unique values of |
margin |
passed to apply if |
Examples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | x <- 1:100
standardize(x)
standardize(x, stats = list(center = "median", scale = "IQR"))
xmat <- matrix(1:50, nrow = 10)
standardize(xmat, margin = 0)
standardize(xmat, margin = 1)
standardize(xmat, margin = 2)
xarray <- array(1:60, dim = c(5, 2, 6))
standardize(xarray, margin = 0)
standardize(xarray, margin = 1:2)
# Standardize a data.frame
standardize(mtcars)
# a generic list object
alist <- list(x = rep(1:10, 2), y = rnorm(100), z = matrix(1:10, nrow = 2))
standardize(alist, margin = 0)
standardize(alist, margin = 1)
|
Example output
Loading required package: glmnet
Loading required package: Matrix
Loaded glmnet 4.0-2
[1] -1.70622042 -1.67175132 -1.63728222 -1.60281312 -1.56834402 -1.53387492
[7] -1.49940582 -1.46493672 -1.43046762 -1.39599852 -1.36152943 -1.32706033
[13] -1.29259123 -1.25812213 -1.22365303 -1.18918393 -1.15471483 -1.12024573
[19] -1.08577663 -1.05130753 -1.01683843 -0.98236933 -0.94790023 -0.91343113
[25] -0.87896203 -0.84449293 -0.81002384 -0.77555474 -0.74108564 -0.70661654
[31] -0.67214744 -0.63767834 -0.60320924 -0.56874014 -0.53427104 -0.49980194
[37] -0.46533284 -0.43086374 -0.39639464 -0.36192554 -0.32745644 -0.29298734
[43] -0.25851825 -0.22404915 -0.18958005 -0.15511095 -0.12064185 -0.08617275
[49] -0.05170365 -0.01723455 0.01723455 0.05170365 0.08617275 0.12064185
[55] 0.15511095 0.18958005 0.22404915 0.25851825 0.29298734 0.32745644
[61] 0.36192554 0.39639464 0.43086374 0.46533284 0.49980194 0.53427104
[67] 0.56874014 0.60320924 0.63767834 0.67214744 0.70661654 0.74108564
[73] 0.77555474 0.81002384 0.84449293 0.87896203 0.91343113 0.94790023
[79] 0.98236933 1.01683843 1.05130753 1.08577663 1.12024573 1.15471483
[85] 1.18918393 1.22365303 1.25812213 1.29259123 1.32706033 1.36152943
[91] 1.39599852 1.43046762 1.46493672 1.49940582 1.53387492 1.56834402
[97] 1.60281312 1.63728222 1.67175132 1.70622042
attr(,"center")
[1] 50.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 29.01149
[1] -1.00000000 -0.97979798 -0.95959596 -0.93939394 -0.91919192 -0.89898990
[7] -0.87878788 -0.85858586 -0.83838384 -0.81818182 -0.79797980 -0.77777778
[13] -0.75757576 -0.73737374 -0.71717172 -0.69696970 -0.67676768 -0.65656566
[19] -0.63636364 -0.61616162 -0.59595960 -0.57575758 -0.55555556 -0.53535354
[25] -0.51515152 -0.49494949 -0.47474747 -0.45454545 -0.43434343 -0.41414141
[31] -0.39393939 -0.37373737 -0.35353535 -0.33333333 -0.31313131 -0.29292929
[37] -0.27272727 -0.25252525 -0.23232323 -0.21212121 -0.19191919 -0.17171717
[43] -0.15151515 -0.13131313 -0.11111111 -0.09090909 -0.07070707 -0.05050505
[49] -0.03030303 -0.01010101 0.01010101 0.03030303 0.05050505 0.07070707
[55] 0.09090909 0.11111111 0.13131313 0.15151515 0.17171717 0.19191919
[61] 0.21212121 0.23232323 0.25252525 0.27272727 0.29292929 0.31313131
[67] 0.33333333 0.35353535 0.37373737 0.39393939 0.41414141 0.43434343
[73] 0.45454545 0.47474747 0.49494949 0.51515152 0.53535354 0.55555556
[79] 0.57575758 0.59595960 0.61616162 0.63636364 0.65656566 0.67676768
[85] 0.69696970 0.71717172 0.73737374 0.75757576 0.77777778 0.79797980
[91] 0.81818182 0.83838384 0.85858586 0.87878788 0.89898990 0.91919192
[97] 0.93939394 0.95959596 0.97979798 1.00000000
attr(,"center")
[1] 50.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 49.5
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.680686 -0.9946918 -0.30869745 0.3772969 1.063291
[2,] -1.612087 -0.9260924 -0.24009802 0.4458963 1.131891
[3,] -1.543487 -0.8574929 -0.17149859 0.5144958 1.200490
[4,] -1.474888 -0.7888935 -0.10289915 0.5830952 1.269090
[5,] -1.406288 -0.7202941 -0.03429972 0.6516946 1.337689
[6,] -1.337689 -0.6516946 0.03429972 0.7202941 1.406288
[7,] -1.269090 -0.5830952 0.10289915 0.7888935 1.474888
[8,] -1.200490 -0.5144958 0.17149859 0.8574929 1.543487
[9,] -1.131891 -0.4458963 0.24009802 0.9260924 1.612087
[10,] -1.063291 -0.3772969 0.30869745 0.9946918 1.680686
attr(,"center")
[1] 25.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 14.57738
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111
[2,] -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555
[3,] 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
[4,] 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555
[5,] 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111
[6,] -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111 -1.2649111
[7,] -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555 -0.6324555
[8,] 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
[9,] 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555 0.6324555
[10,] 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111 1.2649111
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.4863011
[2,] -1.1560120 -1.1560120 -1.1560120 -1.1560120 -1.1560120
[3,] -0.8257228 -0.8257228 -0.8257228 -0.8257228 -0.8257228
[4,] -0.4954337 -0.4954337 -0.4954337 -0.4954337 -0.4954337
[5,] -0.1651446 -0.1651446 -0.1651446 -0.1651446 -0.1651446
[6,] 0.1651446 0.1651446 0.1651446 0.1651446 0.1651446
[7,] 0.4954337 0.4954337 0.4954337 0.4954337 0.4954337
[8,] 0.8257228 0.8257228 0.8257228 0.8257228 0.8257228
[9,] 1.1560120 1.1560120 1.1560120 1.1560120 1.1560120
[10,] 1.4863011 1.4863011 1.4863011 1.4863011 1.4863011
, , 1
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.689165 -1.402866
[2,] -1.631905 -1.345606
[3,] -1.574645 -1.288346
[4,] -1.517386 -1.231086
[5,] -1.460126 -1.173827
, , 2
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.1165668 -0.8302676
[2,] -1.0593069 -0.7730078
[3,] -1.0020471 -0.7157479
[4,] -0.9447873 -0.6584881
[5,] -0.8875274 -0.6012283
, , 3
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -0.5439684 -0.25766925
[2,] -0.4867086 -0.20040942
[3,] -0.4294488 -0.14314958
[4,] -0.3721889 -0.08588975
[5,] -0.3149291 -0.02862992
, , 4
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.02862992 0.3149291
[2,] 0.08588975 0.3721889
[3,] 0.14314958 0.4294488
[4,] 0.20040942 0.4867086
[5,] 0.25766925 0.5439684
, , 5
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.6012283 0.8875274
[2,] 0.6584881 0.9447873
[3,] 0.7157479 1.0020471
[4,] 0.7730078 1.0593069
[5,] 0.8302676 1.1165668
, , 6
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1.173827 1.460126
[2,] 1.231086 1.517386
[3,] 1.288346 1.574645
[4,] 1.345606 1.631905
[5,] 1.402866 1.689165
attr(,"center")
[1] 30.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 17.46425
, , 1
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[2,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[3,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[4,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[5,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
, , 2
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[2,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[3,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[4,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[5,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
, , 3
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[2,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[3,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[4,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[5,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
, , 4
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[2,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[3,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[4,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[5,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
, , 5
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[2,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[3,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
[4,] -0.8017837 -1.3363062
[5,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
, , 6
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -0.2672612 -0.8017837
[2,] 0.2672612 -0.2672612
[3,] 0.8017837 0.2672612
[4,] 1.3363062 0.8017837
[5,] -1.3363062 1.3363062
mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec
1 0.14768824 0 -0.51568344 -0.4525585 0.49231805 -0.5556810353 -0.75453005
2 0.14768824 0 -0.51568344 -0.4525585 0.49231805 -0.3069665179 -0.44863949
3 0.44306473 -1 -0.91264575 -0.6752649 0.40021773 -0.8482863499 0.41987121
4 0.21332746 0 0.23243783 -0.4525585 -1.01812712 0.0246528386 0.87324472
5 -0.22973727 1 1.01109467 0.3989660 -0.88918668 0.2441068245 -0.44863949
6 -0.32819609 0 -0.01948056 -0.5180603 -1.60756914 0.2636138455 1.29930658
7 -0.95176867 1 1.01109467 1.3159924 -0.77866630 0.3709024608 -1.09319460
8 0.70562160 -1 -0.61721419 -1.0813765 0.10549672 0.0002690624 1.17913528
9 0.44306473 -1 -0.66225414 -0.6490641 0.52915818 -0.0387449796 2.76321141
10 -0.14768824 0 -0.45766588 -0.2822536 0.52915818 0.2441068245 0.25053894
11 -0.37742551 0 -0.45766588 -0.2822536 0.52915818 0.2441068245 0.57827882
12 -0.60716277 1 0.36832108 0.4644679 -1.03654719 0.8585779851 -0.24107089
13 -0.45947453 1 0.36832108 0.4644679 -1.03654719 0.5269586286 -0.13182427
14 -0.80408043 1 0.36832108 0.4644679 -1.03654719 0.5757261810 0.08666899
15 -1.59175106 1 1.86609041 0.7919773 -1.29442807 2.0094922224 0.07574433
16 -1.59175106 1 1.77448372 0.9229811 -1.16548763 2.1792033048 -0.01165297
17 -0.88612946 1 1.62180591 1.1194867 -0.74182618 2.1021505720 -0.23014623
18 2.01840598 -1 -1.13631875 -1.0289750 0.82387919 -0.9653284757 0.88963172
19 1.69020989 -1 -1.15922042 -1.2123803 2.38958455 -1.5359088391 0.37071023
20 2.26455305 -1 -1.19433632 -1.0420754 1.08176007 -1.3213316084 1.12451197
21 0.22973727 -1 -0.82027568 -0.6228634 0.12391679 -0.7068604478 1.18459762
22 -0.75485102 1 0.69047126 0.0714566 -1.60756914 0.3221349084 -0.53057446
23 -0.80408043 1 0.58359680 0.0714566 -0.88918668 0.2392300693 -0.29569421
24 -1.11586672 1 0.93475576 1.3159924 0.17917698 0.6342472439 -1.32807485
25 -0.14768824 1 1.31645029 0.3989660 -1.01812712 0.6391239992 -0.43225250
26 1.18150594 -1 -1.13402858 -1.0289750 0.82387919 -1.2237965036 0.57827882
27 0.96817848 -1 -0.81874890 -0.7014656 1.46858139 -1.0238495386 -0.62343410
28 1.69020989 -1 -1.01112294 -0.4132573 0.25285723 -1.6353946461 -0.51418747
29 -0.70562160 1 0.94238965 1.5648995 1.08176007 -0.0192379586 -1.82514702
30 -0.06563922 0 -0.63019180 0.3989660 -0.02344372 -0.4093783780 -1.27891387
31 -0.83690004 1 0.56069512 2.4950263 -0.17080422 0.3709024608 -1.77052370
32 0.21332746 -1 -0.81340518 -0.4656588 0.87913937 -0.3996248675 0.41440888
vs am gear carb
1 -0.7071068 0.7071068 0 0.0000000
2 -0.7071068 0.7071068 0 0.0000000
3 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
4 0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -1.1504475
5 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
6 0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -1.1504475
7 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
8 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
9 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
10 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 0.0000000
11 0.7071068 -0.7071068 0 0.0000000
12 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.3834825
13 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.3834825
14 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.3834825
15 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
16 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
17 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
18 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
19 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
20 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
21 0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -1.1504475
22 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
23 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
24 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 0.0000000
25 -0.7071068 -0.7071068 -1 -0.7669650
26 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -1.1504475
27 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 -0.7669650
28 0.7071068 0.7071068 1 -0.7669650
29 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 0.0000000
30 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 0.7669650
31 -0.7071068 0.7071068 1 1.5339300
32 0.7071068 0.7071068 0 -0.7669650
$x
[1] -1.4863011 -1.1560120 -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446
[7] 0.4954337 0.8257228 1.1560120 1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.1560120
[13] -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446 0.4954337 0.8257228
[19] 1.1560120 1.4863011
attr(,"center")
[1] 5.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 3.02765
$y
[1] 0.10625066 -1.88413555 0.34513262 -0.71189748 -0.55119418 0.74940410
[7] -0.80083805 -0.18964579 0.24373647 2.22628588 0.71495168 1.24173164
[13] 2.16731919 -0.99346527 1.60146741 0.92726922 0.96993794 2.37766744
[19] 0.77141110 -0.63061400 0.33895873 -0.62426650 -0.01110960 0.33765584
[25] 0.95081660 1.28944107 0.65060141 -0.63327703 -0.43742944 -1.26150516
[31] -2.16338972 -0.25246399 -0.22795866 -1.30432006 -0.28837116 -0.10238699
[37] 2.35435444 -0.78338637 1.40739746 0.21238002 0.21741281 -0.74115925
[43] 0.14662203 -0.78861580 -0.18371652 0.06834830 -0.47139174 -0.50626033
[49] -0.27830278 -0.10259497 -1.58315784 -0.62660717 0.19041858 -0.17271335
[55] 1.36452672 -1.94918770 0.88115631 1.17636462 -0.09827059 -1.32451631
[61] -0.05073451 -0.76181444 -0.21691524 -2.41325221 -2.03985098 -1.32355363
[67] -0.60907533 -1.13399286 0.40493157 -0.05654742 -1.20724449 1.34522915
[73] -0.81941472 -0.43443199 -1.16247734 1.42672430 0.29079381 1.18505974
[79] 1.14259591 0.37309120 0.50264384 -0.32598598 0.31568621 -0.32410431
[85] -0.66577336 1.75048658 -0.56511276 1.05603181 0.41408866 -0.19931699
[91] 0.21902734 -0.56845697 0.67063633 0.71617680 1.03591345 0.62700349
[97] -0.83426663 -0.71351882 -0.42789749 0.02674730
attr(,"center")
[1] 0.01045266
attr(,"scale")
[1] 0.9465515
$z
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.486301 -0.8257228 -0.1651446 0.4954337 1.156012
[2,] -1.156012 -0.4954337 0.1651446 0.8257228 1.486301
attr(,"center")
[1] 5.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 3.02765
$x
[1] -1.4863011 -1.1560120 -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446
[7] 0.4954337 0.8257228 1.1560120 1.4863011 -1.4863011 -1.1560120
[13] -0.8257228 -0.4954337 -0.1651446 0.1651446 0.4954337 0.8257228
[19] 1.1560120 1.4863011
attr(,"center")
[1] 5.5
attr(,"scale")
[1] 3.02765
$y
[1] 0.10625066 -1.88413555 0.34513262 -0.71189748 -0.55119418 0.74940410
[7] -0.80083805 -0.18964579 0.24373647 2.22628588 0.71495168 1.24173164
[13] 2.16731919 -0.99346527 1.60146741 0.92726922 0.96993794 2.37766744
[19] 0.77141110 -0.63061400 0.33895873 -0.62426650 -0.01110960 0.33765584
[25] 0.95081660 1.28944107 0.65060141 -0.63327703 -0.43742944 -1.26150516
[31] -2.16338972 -0.25246399 -0.22795866 -1.30432006 -0.28837116 -0.10238699
[37] 2.35435444 -0.78338637 1.40739746 0.21238002 0.21741281 -0.74115925
[43] 0.14662203 -0.78861580 -0.18371652 0.06834830 -0.47139174 -0.50626033
[49] -0.27830278 -0.10259497 -1.58315784 -0.62660717 0.19041858 -0.17271335
[55] 1.36452672 -1.94918770 0.88115631 1.17636462 -0.09827059 -1.32451631
[61] -0.05073451 -0.76181444 -0.21691524 -2.41325221 -2.03985098 -1.32355363
[67] -0.60907533 -1.13399286 0.40493157 -0.05654742 -1.20724449 1.34522915
[73] -0.81941472 -0.43443199 -1.16247734 1.42672430 0.29079381 1.18505974
[79] 1.14259591 0.37309120 0.50264384 -0.32598598 0.31568621 -0.32410431
[85] -0.66577336 1.75048658 -0.56511276 1.05603181 0.41408866 -0.19931699
[91] 0.21902734 -0.56845697 0.67063633 0.71617680 1.03591345 0.62700349
[97] -0.83426663 -0.71351882 -0.42789749 0.02674730
attr(,"center")
[1] 0.01045266
attr(,"scale")
[1] 0.9465515
$z
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -1.2649111 0.0000000 1.264911 -0.6324555 0.6324555
[2,] -0.6324555 0.6324555 -1.264911 0.0000000 1.2649111
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