Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References See Also Examples
Considering species-, phylogenetic-, or trait-diversities, this function measures diversity structuring of community samples.
1 |
sp.plot |
a community dataset in spacodiR format (see |
phy |
a phylogenetic tree of class |
sp.traits |
a species-by-trait(s) dataframe or a species traits distance matrix (see |
all.together |
Boolean; whether to treat all traits together or separately |
prune |
Boolean; whether to dynamically prune datasets if mismatches occur |
pairwise |
Boolean; whether to return pairwise diversity measures amongst all plots |
... |
additional arguments to be passed to |
spacodi.calc
requires a community dataset (species-by-plots matrix; sp.plot
) of numerical abundance, relative abundance, or presence | absence for plots.
spacodi.calc
returns statistics of diversity partitioning of plots, considering species diversity and, if additional information is
provided, either trait or phylogenetic diversities among plots. If phy=NULL
and sp.traits=NULL
, a measure of partitioning for species
diversity will be returned.
In treating each pair of plots as a community unto its own, pairwise=TRUE
will return estimates for diversity structuring for all pairwise combinations of plots.
If a phylogeny or trait dataset is supplied with species that are not present in the community dataset (i.e., sp.plot
) or vice versa,
the user has the option to dynamically prune these datasets to match (prune=TRUE
). If prune=FALSE
and dataset mismatches occur,
the function will inevitably return NaN
where plots have fewer than two distinct species sampled.
For proper display, please view the package manual online (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/spacodiR/spacodiR.pdf)
GLOBAL MEASURES
N: number of local communities sampled
n_k: number of individuals sampled in local community k
f_{ik}: observed relative abundance of species i in the local community k (∑_i{f_{ik}=1})
p_{ik}: presence (1) or absence (0) of species i in the local community k
δ_{ij}: phyletic or functional (trait) distance between species i and j
INDICES
indices using species abundances: Mean phyletic or functional distance between two individuals in the same local community is expressed as follows:
D_k = \frac{n_k}{n_k-1} ∑_i ∑_j{δ_{ij}f_{ik}f_{jk} }
This measure is sample-size corrected by the term (\frac{n_k}{n_k-1}) and is only applied where data are counts of individuals (not where data represent a relative measure of species abundances). Mean functional or phyletic distance between individuals of different species in the same local community is computed as follows:
D_k* = ∑_i∑_{j \neq i}{δ_{ij}f_{ik}f_{jk} } / ∑_i∑_{j \neq i}{f_{ik}f_{jk} }
Rao's quadratic entropy within samples (average inter-individual distance among samples) is computed either with (D_S) or without (D_S*) sample-size correction:
D_S = \frac{1}{N} ∑_{k ≤q N} D_k
D_S^* = \frac{1}{N} ∑_{k ≤q N} D_k^*
Rao's quadratic entropy among samples (average distance between individuals from different samples) is as follows, including or excluding intraspecific comparisons (respectively):
D_T = \frac{1}{N(N-1)} ∑_k ∑_{l \neq k} ∑_i ∑_j δ_{ij}f_{ik}f_{jl}
D_T^* = \frac{1}{N(N-1)} ∑_k ∑_{l \neq k} [ ∑_i ∑_{j \neq i} δ_{ij}f_{ik}f_{jl} / ∑_i ∑_{j \neq i} f_{ik}f_{jl} ]
P_{ST} integrates both species turnover and phylogenetic turnover, weighting species according to local abundances.
P_{ST}=T_{ST}=1-\frac{D_S}{D_T}
for phylogenetic (P_{ST}) or functional (T_{ST}) distances between individuals.
I_{ST} is a measure of species turnover accounting for local abundances, but with different properties than measures of species turnover based on species sharing. It is the analogue of G_{ST} in population genetics.
I_{ST}=1-\frac{D_S}{D_T}
in the special case of spatial partitioning of species diversity, where δ_{ij}=0 if i=j and where δ_{ij}=1 if i \neq j
B_{ST} and U_{ST} integrate only phylogenetic or functional (phenotypic) turnover, respectively, weighting species according to local abundances.
B_{ST}=U_{ST}=1-\frac{D_S^*}{D_T^*}
for phylogenetic (B_{ST}) or functional (U_{ST}) distances between individuals, excluding intraspecific comparisons.
indices using species occurrences: If we let p_{ik}=1 where species i occurs in sample k and p_{ik}=0 otherwise, we compute the following local measure of phyletic or functional distinctiveness:
Δ_k=∑_i ∑_{j \neq i} {δ_{ij}p_{ik}p_{jk} } / ∑_i ∑_{j \neq i} {p_{ik}p_{jk} }
Δ_k is the mean interspecific distance in local community k and mean distance between distinct species within local communities is then
Δ_S = \frac{1}{N} ∑_{k ≤q N} δ_k
Mean distance between distinct species among local communities is:
Δ_T = \frac{1}{N} ∑_k ∑_{l \neq k} [ ∑_i ∑_{j \neq i} δ_{ij}p_{ik}p_{jl} / ∑_i ∑_{j \neq i} p_{ik}p_{jl} ]
This formula corrects a typographic error in eq. 16 of Hardy and Senterre (2007) where j \neq i were missing.
Π_{ST} expresses phylogenetic turnover without accounting for species local abundances (it is a presence-absence version of B_{ST}):
Π_{ST} = 1 - \frac{Δ_S}{Δ_T}
assumptions:
N is much is much smaller than the total number of local communities constituting the whole community of which the sampled local communities are representative (this justifies that Δ_T and Δ_T are estimated excluding pairs of species from the same local community)
n_k is much smaller than the total number of individuals constituting local community k (this justifies the \frac{n_k}{n_k-1} correction factors)
A named list of at least one element (Ist
) is returned. The size of the returned list is wholly dependent upon given arguments.
SPECIES DIVERSITY STRUCTURING
Ist
: a measure of local species identity excess between
individuals, expressing species turnover. It is a form of spatial
partition of Gini-Simpson diversity (equivalent to Fst
in population
genetics). Ist
considers only abundances (or presences) in the
species-by-plots matrix.
PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY STRUCTURING
Pst
: a measure of local phyletic proximity excess between
individuals, expressing species + phylogenetic turnover. It is a form
of spatial partition of Rao's quadratic entropy (equivalent to Nst
in
population genetics). Tst
is the analogue for trait data, estimating
the spatial partitioning of mean trait-divergence between individuals.
Bst
: a measure of local phyletic proximity excess between
individuals of distinct species, expressing phylogenetic turnover
(independently of species turnover). Ust
is the analogue for
trait data, estimating the spatial partitioning of mean trait-divergence
between individuals that belong to distinct species.
PIst
: Bst analogue for presence/absence data, expressing
phylogenetic turnover (independently of species turnover). TAUst
is the analogue for trait data, estimating mean trait-divergence between
distinct species.
TRAIT DIVERSITY STRUCTURING
Measures analogous to those under PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY STRUCTURING
can be
computed from trait data. For trait data, these analogues are Tst
(see Pst
), Ust
(see Bst
), and TAUst
(see PIst
). Note: elsewhere, Ust
will be referred to
as T*st
but here has been renamed to avoid issues of indexing in R. Trait values
are not assumed to follow any particular model of evolution; rather, distances between observed
species traits are expected to be uniform in distribution.
If all.together=TRUE
, all traits will be used to generate distance a distance
matrix for sampled species. Where all.together=FALSE
is used, output is generated for each
trait independently.
INTERPRETATION
spatial clustering
: species within plots are more
phylogenetically related on average than species from distinct plots where Pst > Ist
,
Bst > 0
, or PIst > 0
. Species are functionally more similar locally than those from
distinct plots where Tst > Ist
, Ust > 0
, or TAUst > 0
spatial overdispersion
: species within plots are less
phylogenetically related on average than species from distinct plots where Pst < Ist
,
Bst < 0
, or PIst < 0
. Species are functionally less similar locally than are species from
distinct plots where Tst < Ist
, Ust < 0
, or TAUst < 0
Olivier Hardy, Timothy Paine, and Jonathan Eastman
HARDY OJ and B SENTERRE. 2007. Characterizing the phylogenetic structure of communities by an additive partitioning of phylogenetic diversity. Journal of Ecology 95:493-506.
HARDY OJ. 2008. Testing the spatial phylogenetic structure of local communities: statistical performances of different null models and test statistics on a locally neutral community. Journal of Ecology 96:914-926.
HARDY OJ and L JOST. 2008. Interpreting and estimating measures of community phylogenetic structuring. Journal of Ecology 96:849-852.
match.spacodi.data
; as.spacodi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 | # load a species-by-plots matrix, along with a tree
data(sp.example)
attributes(sp.example)
attach(sp.example)
spl
phy
# community diversity statistics of Hardy and Senterre (2007): tree-based
spacodi.calc(sp.plot = spl, phy = phy)
# community diversity statistics: trait-based with pairwise comparisons
spacodi.calc(sp.plot = spl, phy = phy, pairwise=TRUE)
# community diversity for a pair of traits
spacodi.calc(sp.plot = spl, sp.traits = trt, all.together=TRUE)
# community diversity for a pair of traits, each singly
spacodi.calc(sp.plot = spl, sp.traits = trt, all.together=FALSE)
# Ist: using abundance data only
spacodi.calc(sp.plot = spl)
# calculations with missing taxa between tree and sp.plot
# excluding the last five species in sp.plot,
spacodi.calc(sp.plot = spl[1:15,], phy = phy, prune=TRUE)
# as before but with 'manual' pruning of the datasets
match.spacodi.data(sp.plot=spl[1:15,],phy=phy) -> prn.data
spacodi.calc(sp.plot=prn.data$sp.plot, phy=prn.data$sp.tree)
prn.data$sp.plot
prn.data$sp.tree
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