#' Create a Logistic distribution
#'
#' A continuous distribution on the real line. For binary outcomes
#' the model given by \eqn{P(Y = 1 | X) = F(X \beta)} where
#' \eqn{F} is the Logistic [cdf()] is called *logistic regression*.
#'
#' @param location The location parameter for the distribution. For Logistic
#' distributions, the location parameter is the mean, median and also mode.
#' Defaults to zero.
#'
#' @param scale The scale parameter for the distribution. Defaults to one.
#'
#' @return A `Logistic` object.
#' @export
#'
#' @family continuous distributions
#'
#' @details
#'
#' We recommend reading this documentation on
#' <https://alexpghayes.github.io/distributions3/>, where the math
#' will render with additional detail and much greater clarity.
#'
#' In the following, let \eqn{X} be a Logistic random variable with
#' `location` = \eqn{\mu} and `scale` = \eqn{s}.
#'
#' **Support**: \eqn{R}, the set of all real numbers
#'
#' **Mean**: \eqn{\mu}
#'
#' **Variance**: \eqn{s^2 \pi^2 / 3}
#'
#' **Probability density function (p.d.f)**:
#'
#' \deqn{
#' f(x) = \frac{e^{-(\frac{x - \mu}{s})}}{s [1 + \exp(-(\frac{x - \mu}{s})) ]^2}
#' }{
#' f(x) = e^(-(t - \mu) / s) / (s (1 + e^(-(t - \mu) / s))^2)
#' }
#'
#' **Cumulative distribution function (c.d.f)**:
#'
#' \deqn{
#' F(t) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-(\frac{t - \mu}{s})}}
#' }{
#' F(t) = 1 / (1 + e^(-(t - \mu) / s))
#' }
#'
#' **Moment generating function (m.g.f)**:
#'
#' \deqn{
#' E(e^{tX}) = e^{\mu t} \beta(1 - st, 1 + st)
#' }{
#' E(e^(tX)) = = e^(\mu t) \beta(1 - st, 1 + st)
#' }
#'
#' where \eqn{\beta(x, y)} is the Beta function.
#'
#' @examples
#'
#' set.seed(27)
#'
#' X <- Logistic(2, 4)
#' X
#'
#' random(X, 10)
#'
#' pdf(X, 2)
#' log_pdf(X, 2)
#'
#' cdf(X, 4)
#' quantile(X, 0.7)
Logistic <- function(location = 0, scale = 1) {
stopifnot(
"parameter lengths do not match (only scalars are allowed to be recycled)" =
length(location) == length(scale) | length(location) == 1 | length(scale) == 1
)
d <- data.frame(location = location, scale = scale)
class(d) <- c("Logistic", "distribution")
d
}
#' @export
mean.Logistic <- function(x, ...) {
ellipsis::check_dots_used()
rval <- x$location
setNames(rval, names(x))
}
#' @export
variance.Logistic <- function(x, ...) {
rval <- x$scale^2 * pi^2 / 3
setNames(rval, names(x))
}
#' @export
skewness.Logistic <- function(x, ...) {
rval <- rep.int(0, length(x))
setNames(rval, names(x))
}
#' @export
kurtosis.Logistic <- function(x, ...) {
rval <- rep(6 / 5, length(x))
setNames(rval, names(x))
}
#' Draw a random sample from a Logistic distribution
#'
#' @inherit Logistic examples
#'
#' @param x A `Logistic` object created by a call to [Logistic()].
#' @param n The number of samples to draw. Defaults to `1L`.
#' @param drop logical. Should the result be simplified to a vector if possible?
#' @param ... Unused. Unevaluated arguments will generate a warning to
#' catch mispellings or other possible errors.
#'
#' @family Logistic distribution
#'
#' @return In case of a single distribution object or `n = 1`, either a numeric
#' vector of length `n` (if `drop = TRUE`, default) or a `matrix` with `n` columns
#' (if `drop = FALSE`).
#' @export
#'
random.Logistic <- function(x, n = 1L, drop = TRUE, ...) {
n <- make_positive_integer(n)
if (n == 0L) {
return(numeric(0L))
}
FUN <- function(at, d) rlogis(n = at, location = d$location, scale = d$scale)
apply_dpqr(d = x, FUN = FUN, at = n, type = "random", drop = drop)
}
#' Evaluate the probability mass function of a Logistic distribution
#'
#' Please see the documentation of [Logistic()] for some properties
#' of the Logistic distribution, as well as extensive examples
#' showing to how calculate p-values and confidence intervals.
#'
#' @inherit Logistic examples
#'
#' @param d A `Logistic` object created by a call to [Logistic()].
#' @param x A vector of elements whose probabilities you would like to
#' determine given the distribution `d`.
#' @param drop logical. Should the result be simplified to a vector if possible?
#' @param elementwise logical. Should each distribution in \code{d} be evaluated
#' at all elements of \code{x} (\code{elementwise = FALSE}, yielding a matrix)?
#' Or, if \code{d} and \code{x} have the same length, should the evaluation be
#' done element by element (\code{elementwise = TRUE}, yielding a vector)? The
#' default of \code{NULL} means that \code{elementwise = TRUE} is used if the
#' lengths match and otherwise \code{elementwise = FALSE} is used.
#' @param ... Arguments to be passed to \code{\link[stats]{dlogis}}.
#' Unevaluated arguments will generate a warning to catch mispellings or other
#' possible errors.
#'
#' @family Logistic distribution
#'
#' @return In case of a single distribution object, either a numeric
#' vector of length `probs` (if `drop = TRUE`, default) or a `matrix` with
#' `length(x)` columns (if `drop = FALSE`). In case of a vectorized distribution
#' object, a matrix with `length(x)` columns containing all possible combinations.
#' @export
#'
pdf.Logistic <- function(d, x, drop = TRUE, elementwise = NULL, ...) {
FUN <- function(at, d) dlogis(x = at, location = d$location, scale = d$scale, ...)
apply_dpqr(d = d, FUN = FUN, at = x, type = "density", drop = drop, elementwise = elementwise)
}
#' @rdname pdf.Logistic
#' @export
log_pdf.Logistic <- function(d, x, drop = TRUE, elementwise = NULL, ...) {
FUN <- function(at, d) dlogis(x = at, location = d$location, scale = d$scale, log = TRUE)
apply_dpqr(d = d, FUN = FUN, at = x, type = "logLik", drop = drop, elementwise = elementwise)
}
#' Evaluate the cumulative distribution function of a Logistic distribution
#'
#' @inherit Logistic examples
#'
#' @param d A `Logistic` object created by a call to [Logistic()].
#' @param x A vector of elements whose cumulative probabilities you would
#' like to determine given the distribution `d`.
#' @param drop logical. Should the result be simplified to a vector if possible?
#' @param elementwise logical. Should each distribution in \code{d} be evaluated
#' at all elements of \code{x} (\code{elementwise = FALSE}, yielding a matrix)?
#' Or, if \code{d} and \code{x} have the same length, should the evaluation be
#' done element by element (\code{elementwise = TRUE}, yielding a vector)? The
#' default of \code{NULL} means that \code{elementwise = TRUE} is used if the
#' lengths match and otherwise \code{elementwise = FALSE} is used.
#' @param ... Arguments to be passed to \code{\link[stats]{plogis}}.
#' Unevaluated arguments will generate a warning to catch mispellings or other
#' possible errors.
#'
#' @family Logistic distribution
#'
#' @return In case of a single distribution object, either a numeric
#' vector of length `probs` (if `drop = TRUE`, default) or a `matrix` with
#' `length(x)` columns (if `drop = FALSE`). In case of a vectorized distribution
#' object, a matrix with `length(x)` columns containing all possible combinations.
#' @export
#'
cdf.Logistic <- function(d, x, drop = TRUE, elementwise = NULL, ...) {
FUN <- function(at, d) plogis(q = at, location = d$location, scale = d$scale, ...)
apply_dpqr(d = d, FUN = FUN, at = x, type = "probability", drop = drop, elementwise = elementwise)
}
#' Determine quantiles of a Logistic distribution
#'
#' @inherit Logistic examples
#' @inheritParams random.Logistic
#'
#' @param probs A vector of probabilities.
#' @param drop logical. Should the result be simplified to a vector if possible?
#' @param elementwise logical. Should each distribution in \code{x} be evaluated
#' at all elements of \code{probs} (\code{elementwise = FALSE}, yielding a matrix)?
#' Or, if \code{x} and \code{probs} have the same length, should the evaluation be
#' done element by element (\code{elementwise = TRUE}, yielding a vector)? The
#' default of \code{NULL} means that \code{elementwise = TRUE} is used if the
#' lengths match and otherwise \code{elementwise = FALSE} is used.
#' @param ... Arguments to be passed to \code{\link[stats]{qlogis}}.
#' Unevaluated arguments will generate a warning to catch mispellings or other
#' possible errors.
#'
#' @return In case of a single distribution object, either a numeric
#' vector of length `probs` (if `drop = TRUE`, default) or a `matrix` with
#' `length(probs)` columns (if `drop = FALSE`). In case of a vectorized
#' distribution object, a matrix with `length(probs)` columns containing all
#' possible combinations.
#' @export
#'
#' @family Logistic distribution
#'
quantile.Logistic <- function(x, probs, drop = TRUE, elementwise = NULL, ...) {
FUN <- function(at, d) qlogis(p = at, location = d$location, scale = d$scale, ...)
apply_dpqr(d = x, FUN = FUN, at = probs, type = "quantile", drop = drop, elementwise = elementwise)
}
#' Return the support of the Logistic distribution
#'
#' @param d An `Logistic` object created by a call to [Logistic()].
#' @param drop logical. Should the result be simplified to a vector if possible?
#' @param ... Currently not used.
#'
#' @return A vector of length 2 with the minimum and maximum value of the support.
#'
#' @export
support.Logistic <- function(d, drop = TRUE, ...) {
ellipsis::check_dots_used()
min <- rep(-Inf, length(d))
max <- rep(Inf, length(d))
make_support(min, max, d, drop = drop)
}
#' @exportS3Method
is_discrete.Logistic <- function(d, ...) {
ellipsis::check_dots_used()
setNames(rep.int(FALSE, length(d)), names(d))
}
#' @exportS3Method
is_continuous.Logistic <- function(d, ...) {
ellipsis::check_dots_used()
setNames(rep.int(TRUE, length(d)), names(d))
}
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