Description Usage Arguments Details Value Note Author(s) References See Also Examples
An implementation of the jDE variant of the Differential Evolution stochastic algorithm for global optimization of nonlinear programming problems.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
lower, upper |
numeric vectors of lower or upper bounds, respectively, for the parameters to be optimized over. |
fn |
(nonlinear) objective |
constr |
an optional |
meq |
an optional positive integer specifying that the first |
eps |
an optional real vector of small positive tolerance values with length |
NP |
an optional positive integer giving the number of candidate solutions in the randomly distributed initial population. Defaults to |
Fl |
an optional scalar which represents the minimum value that the scaling factor |
Fu |
an optional scalar which represents the maximum value that the scaling factor |
tau1 |
an optional scalar which represents a probability in the mutation strategy DE/rand/1/either-or. Defaults to |
tau2 |
an optional scalar which represents the probability that the scaling factor |
tau3 |
an optional constant value which represents the probability that the crossover probability |
jitter_factor |
an optional tuning constant for jitter. If |
tol |
an optional positive scalar giving the tolerance for the stopping criterion. Default is |
maxiter |
an optional positive integer specifying the maximum number of iterations that may be performed before the algorithm is halted. Defaults to |
fnscale |
an optional positive scalar specifying the typical magnitude of |
FUN |
an optional character string controlling which function should be applied to the |
add_to_init_pop |
an optional real vector of length |
trace |
an optional logical value indicating if a trace of the iteration progress should be printed. Default is |
triter |
an optional positive integer that controls the frequency of tracing when |
details |
an optional logical value. If |
... |
optional additional arguments passed to |
The setting of the control parameters of standard Differential Evolution (DE) is crucial for the algorithm's performance. Unfortunately, when the generally recommended values for these parameters (see, e.g., Storn and Price, 1997) are unsuitable for use, their determination is often difficult and time consuming. The jDE algorithm proposed in Brest et al. (2006) employs a simple self-adaptive scheme to perform the automatic setting of control parameters scale factor F
and crossover rate CR
.
This implementation differs from the original description, most notably in the use of the DE/rand/1/either-or mutation strategy (Price et al., 2005), combination of jitter with dither (Storn 2008), and its use of only a single population (Babu and Angira 2006) instead of separate current and child populations as in classical DE.
Constraint handling is done using the approach described in Zhang and Rangaiah (2012).
The algorithm is stopped if
( FUN{ [fn(x[1]),…,fn(x[npop])] } - fn(x[best]) )/fnscale <= tol,
where the “best” individual x[best] is the feasible solution with the lowest objective function value in the population and the total number of elements in the population, npop
, is NP+NCOL(add_to_init_pop)
.
This is a variant of the Diff criterion studied by Zielinski and Laur (2008), which was found to yield the best results.
A list with the following components:
par |
The best set of parameters found. |
value |
The value of |
iter |
Number of iterations taken by the algorithm. |
convergence |
An integer code. |
and if details = TRUE
:
poppar |
Matrix of dimension |
popcost |
The values of |
It is possible to perform a warm start, i.e., starting from the previous run and resume optimization, using NP = 0
and the component poppar
for the add_to_init_pop
argument.
Eduardo L. T. Conceicao econceicao@kanguru.pt
Babu, B. V. and Angira, R. (2006) Modified differential evolution (MDE) for optimization of non-linear chemical processes. Computers and Chemical Engineering 30, 989–1002.
Brest, J., Greiner, S., Boskovic, B., Mernik, M. and Zumer, V. (2006) Self-adapting control parameters in differential evolution: a comparative study on numerical benchmark problems. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 10, 646–657.
Price, K. V., Storn, R. M. and Lampinen, J. A. (2005) Differential Evolution: A practical approach to global optimization. Springer, Berlin, pp. 117–118.
Storn, R. (2008) Differential evolution research — trends and open questions; in Chakraborty, U. K., Ed., Advances in differential evolution. SCI 143, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 11–12.
Storn, R. and Price, K. (1997) Differential evolution - a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. Journal of Global Optimization 11, 341–359.
Zhang, H. and Rangaiah, G. P. (2012) An efficient constraint handling method with integrated differential evolution for numerical and engineering optimization. Computers and Chemical Engineering 37, 74–88.
Zielinski, K. and Laur, R. (2008) Stopping criteria for differential evolution in constrained single-objective optimization; in Chakraborty, U. K., Ed., Advances in differential evolution. SCI 143, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 111–138.
Function DEoptim()
in the
DEoptim package has many more options than
JDEoptim()
, but does not allow constraints in the same
flexible manner.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 | # Use a preset seed so test values are reproducible.
set.seed(1234)
# Bound-constrained optimization
# Griewank function
#
# -600 <= xi <= 600, i = {1, 2, ..., n}
# The function has a global minimum located at
# x* = (0, 0, ..., 0) with f(x*) = 0. Number of local minima
# for arbitrary n is unknown, but in the two dimensional case
# there are some 500 local minima.
#
# Source:
# Ali, M. Montaz, Khompatraporn, Charoenchai, and
# Zabinsky, Zelda B. (2005).
# A numerical evaluation of several stochastic algorithms
# on selected continuous global optimization test problems.
# Journal of Global Optimization 31, 635-672.
griewank <- function(x) {
1 + crossprod(x)/4000 - prod( cos(x/sqrt(seq_along(x))) )
}
JDEoptim(rep(-600, 10), rep(600, 10), griewank,
tol = 1e-7, trace = TRUE, triter = 50)
# Nonlinear constrained optimization
# 0 <= x1 <= 34, 0 <= x2 <= 17, 100 <= x3 <= 300
# The global optimum is
# (x1, x2, x3; f) = (0, 16.666667, 100; 189.311627).
#
# Source:
# Westerberg, Arthur W., and Shah, Jigar V. (1978).
# Assuring a global optimum by the use of an upper bound
# on the lower (dual) bound.
# Computers and Chemical Engineering 2, 83-92.
fcn <-
list(obj = function(x) {
35*x[1]^0.6 + 35*x[2]^0.6
},
eq = 2,
con = function(x) {
x1 <- x[1]; x3 <- x[3]
c(600*x1 - 50*x3 - x1*x3 + 5000,
600*x[2] + 50*x3 - 15000)
})
JDEoptim(c(0, 0, 100), c(34, 17, 300),
fn = fcn$obj, constr = fcn$con, meq = fcn$eq,
tol = 1e-7, trace = TRUE, triter = 50)
# Designing a pressure vessel
# Case A: all variables are treated as continuous
#
# 1.1 <= x1 <= 12.5*, 0.6 <= x2 <= 12.5*,
# 0.0 <= x3 <= 240.0*, 0.0 <= x4 <= 240.0
# Roughly guessed*
# The global optimum is (x1, x2, x3, x4; f) =
# (1.100000, 0.600000, 56.99482, 51.00125; 7019.031).
#
# Source:
# Lampinen, Jouni, and Zelinka, Ivan (1999).
# Mechanical engineering design optimization
# by differential evolution.
# In: David Corne, Marco Dorigo and Fred Glover (Editors),
# New Ideas in Optimization, McGraw-Hill, pp 127-146
pressure_vessel <-
list(obj = function(x) {
x1 <- x[1]; x2 <- x[2]; x3 <- x[3]; x4 <- x[4]
0.6224*x1*x3*x4 + 1.7781*x2*x3^2 +
3.1611*x1^2*x4 + 19.84*x1^2*x3
},
con = function(x) {
x1 <- x[1]; x2 <- x[2]; x3 <- x[3]; x4 <- x[4]
c(0.0193*x3 - x1,
0.00954*x3 - x2,
750.0*1728.0 - pi*x3^2*x4 - 4/3*pi*x3^3)
})
JDEoptim(c( 1.1, 0.6, 0.0, 0.0),
c(12.5, 12.5, 240.0, 240.0),
fn = pressure_vessel$obj, constr = pressure_vessel$con,
tol = 1e-7, trace = TRUE, triter = 50)
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