R/00-Auer-Gervini.R

Defines functions makeAgCpmFun agDimCPM agDimCPT agDimTtest2 agDimTtest agDimSpectral agDimKmeans3 agDimKmeans agDimTwiceMean agDimension compareAgDimMethods estimateTop AuerGervini rndLambdaF matPermutate bsDimension brokenStick thetaUpper thetaLower dhat fhat

Documented in agDimCPT agDimension agDimKmeans agDimKmeans3 agDimSpectral agDimTtest agDimTtest2 agDimTwiceMean AuerGervini brokenStick bsDimension compareAgDimMethods makeAgCpmFun rndLambdaF

#######################################################
# INTERNAL
# functions based on descriptions in Auer-Gervini, 2008

fhat <- function(d, Lambda) {
  m <- length(Lambda)
  use <- Lambda[(d+1):m]
  geo <- exp(mean(log(use)))
  ari <- mean(use)
  (m-d)*log(geo/ari)
}

dhat <- function(theta, Lambda) {
  ds <- seq(0, length(Lambda)-1)
  vals <- sapply(ds, function(d, theta, Lambda) {
    fhat(d, Lambda) + theta*(length(Lambda)-1-d)
  }, theta=theta, Lambda=Lambda)
  max(ds[which(vals==max(vals))])
}

thetaLower <- function(d, Lambda) {
  m <- length(Lambda)
  if(d == m - 1) return(0)
  fd <- fhat(d, Lambda)
  kset <- (d+1):(m-1)
  temp <- sapply(kset, function(k) {
    (fhat(k, Lambda) - fd) / (k - d)
  })
  max(temp)
}

thetaUpper <- function(d, Lambda) {
  if (d == 0) return(Inf)
  m <- length(Lambda)
  fd <- fhat(d, Lambda)
  kset <- 0:(d-1)
  temp <- sapply(kset, function(k) {
    (fhat(k, Lambda) - fd) / (k - d)
  })
  min(temp)
}

#######################################################
# EXTERNAL

# broken-stick model
brokenStick <- function(k, n) {
    if (any(n < k)) stop('bad values')
    x <- 1/(1:n)
    sapply(k, function(k0) sum(x[k0:n])/n)
}

# broken stick to get dimension
bsDimension <- function(lambda, FUZZ=0.005) {
  if(inherits(lambda, "SamplePCA")) {
    lambda <- lambda@variances
  }
  N <- length(lambda)
  bs  <- brokenStick(1:N, N)
  fracVar <- lambda/sum(lambda)
  which(fracVar - bs < FUZZ)[1] - 1
}

# randomization based model
matPermutate <- function(data) {
  n <- nrow(data)
  m <- ncol(data)
  permat <- data
  for (i in 1:m) {
    new <- sample(n, n, replace=FALSE)
    permat[,i] <- data[,i][new]
  }
  permat
}

# randomization based model to get dimension
# B is total repeat times for randomization, alpha is significance
# level for p-values
rndLambdaF <- function(data, B=1000, alpha=0.05) {
  if (!inherits(data[1,1], "numeric")) {
    stop('data elements are not numeric')
  }
  if (sum(is.na(data)) > 0) {
    stop('data contains missing values')
  }
  m <- ncol(data)
  Lambda <- F <- matrix(1e-6, B, m)   
  spca <- SamplePCA(t(data))
  lambda <- sqrt(spca@variances)
  if (length(lambda) < m) {
    lambda <- c(lambda, rep(1e-6, m - length(lambda)))
  }
  rescum <- cumsum(sort(lambda, decreasing=FALSE))[1:(m-1)]
  Lambda[1, ] <- lambda
  F[1,1:(m-1)] <- lambda[1:(m-1)]/sort(rescum, decreasing=TRUE)
  for (i in 1:(B-1)) {
    rndmat <- matPermutate(data)
    spca <- SamplePCA(t(rndmat))
    lambda <- sqrt(spca@variances)
    if (length(lambda) < m) {
      lambda <- c(lambda, rep(1e-6, m - length(lambda)))
    }
    rescum <- cumsum(sort(lambda, decreasing=FALSE))[1:(m-1)]
    Lambda[i+1, ] <- lambda
    F[i+1, 1:(m-1)] <- lambda[1:(m-1)]/sort(rescum, decreasing=TRUE)
  }
  p1 <- apply(Lambda, 2, function(v) {sum(v >= v[1])/length(v)})
  p2 <- apply(F, 2, function(v) {sum(v >= v[1])/length(v)})
  res <- c(rndLambda=which(p1 > alpha)[1] - 1, rndF=which(p2 > alpha)[1] - 1)
  return(res)
}


#######################################################
# S4 interface

setClass("AuerGervini",
         slots = c(Lambda="numeric",
                   dimensions="numeric",
                   dLevels="numeric",
                   changePoints="numeric"
                   ))

AuerGervini <- function(Lambda, dd=NULL, epsilon=2e-16) {
  if (inherits(Lambda, "SamplePCA")) {
    dd <- dim(Lambda@scores)
    Lambda <- Lambda@variances
  }
  if (epsilon > 0) {
    Lambda <- Lambda[Lambda > epsilon]
  }
  Lambda <- rev(sort(Lambda))
  rg <- (1:length(Lambda)) - 1
  lowerBounds <- sapply(rg, thetaLower, Lambda=Lambda)
  upperBounds <- sapply(rg, thetaUpper, Lambda=Lambda)
  dLevels <- rev(rg[lowerBounds <= upperBounds])
  changePoints <- rev(lowerBounds[lowerBounds <= upperBounds])[-1]
  new("AuerGervini", Lambda=Lambda, dimensions = dd,
      dLevels=dLevels, changePoints=changePoints)
}

estimateTop <- function(object) {
  n <- object@dimensions[1] # nrows
  m <- object@dimensions[2] # ncolumns
  oldAndCrude <- -2*log(0.01)/n # in case we want to revert
  delta <- 1 # why do we do it this way?
  magic <- 18.8402+1.9523*m-0.0005*m^2 # from a linear model fit on simulated data
  modelBased <- ifelse(n >= m,
                       magic/n,
                       magic*n/m^2) # please explain why
  max(oldAndCrude,
      modelBased,
      1.03*object@changePoints)
}

setMethod("plot", c("AuerGervini", "missing"), function(x, y, ...) {
  plot(x, list(), ...)
})

# y is an optional argument containing a list of "agDimension"
# computing functions
setMethod("plot", c("AuerGervini", "list"), function(x, y,
        main="Bayesian Sensitivity Analysis",
        ...) {
  top <-estimateTop(x)
  fun <- stepfun(x@changePoints, x@dLevels)
  plot(fun, xlab="Prior Theta", ylab="Number of Components",
     main=main, xlim=c(0, top), ...)
  if (!missing(y)) {
    lapply(y, function(agfun) {
      abline(h=agDimension(x, agfun), lty=2, lwd=2, col='pink')
    })
  }
  invisible(x)
})

setMethod("summary", "AuerGervini", function(object, ...) {
  cat("An '", class(object), "' object that estimates the number of ",
      "principal components to be ", agDimension(object), ".\n", sep="")
})

compareAgDimMethods <- function(object, agfuns) {
  unlist(lapply(agfuns, function(f) agDimension(object, f)))
}

agDimension <- function(object, agfun=agDimTwiceMean) {
  stepLength <- diff(c(object@changePoints, estimateTop(object)))
  if (length(stepLength) > 4) {
    magic <- agfun(stepLength)
  } else {
    magic <- (stepLength == max(stepLength))
  }
  ifelse(any(magic),
         object@dLevels[1+which(magic)[1]],
         0)
}

agDimTwiceMean <- function(stepLength) {
  (stepLength > 2*mean(stepLength))
}

# k-means criterion (3 different versions)
# version 1: centers are max. and min. (select highest in large group)
agDimKmeans <- function(stepLength) {
  kmeanfit <- kmeans(stepLength, centers=c(min(stepLength), 
                                           max(stepLength)))
  i <- which.max(kmeanfit$centers)
  kmeanfit$cluster == i
}

# version 3: choose k=3 if more features (select highest largest)
agDimKmeans3 <- function(stepLength) {
  # choose k = 3 if there are many features (extra center is median)
  if (ceiling(log(length(stepLength))/2)>2) {
    kcenters <- c(min(stepLength), 
                  median(stepLength),
                  max(stepLength))
  } else {
    kcenters <- c(min(stepLength), 
                  max(stepLength))
  }
  kmeanfit <- kmeans(stepLength, centers=kcenters)
  # treats intermediate as long and says "don't include short"
  i <- which.min(kmeanfit$centers)
  kmeanfit$cluster != i
}

#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# spectral clustering criterion
agDimSpectral <- function(stepLength) {
  # project 1D step length sequence onto a 2D line (y=x)
  dat <- cbind(X1=stepLength, X2=stepLength)
  scfit <- specc(dat, centers=2, mod.sample=1)
  scmean1 <- mean(stepLength[scfit==1])
  scmean2 <- mean(stepLength[scfit==2])
  scnum <- ifelse(scmean1>scmean2, 1, 2)
  scfit == scnum
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------
# naive t-test criterion (2 different versions)
# version 1: naive idea to detect the significant change point in  
# difference of sorted step lengths (t-based method)
# TO DO: include significance level alpha in arguments, currently
# set significance level to be 0.01
# for version 2, set extra=1
agDimTtest <- function(stepLength, extra=0) {
  sort1 <- sort(stepLength, decreasing=FALSE, method="qu", 
                index.return=TRUE)
  diffsl <- diff(sort1$x)
  meanlist <- cumsum(diffsl)[3:length(diffsl)]/(3:length(diffsl))
  meannum <- length(meanlist)
  iter <- 0
  pvec <- NULL
  repeat {
    if (iter == meannum-1) break
    b0 <- iter + 1 + extra
    b1 <- b0 + 2
    sdvalue <- sd(diffsl[1:(b0 + 2)] - meanlist[b0])
    pvalue <- 1 - pt((meanlist[iter + 2] - meanlist[iter + 1]) / (sdvalue/sqrt(b1)),
                     b1 - 1)
    pvec <- c(pvec, pvalue)
    if (pvalue < 0.01) break
    iter <- iter + 1
  }
  if (iter < meannum - 1) {
    slset <- sort1$ix[(iter+4):length(stepLength)]
    magic <- (1:length(stepLength) %in% slset)
  }  else { 
    pt <- which.min(pvec) 
    slset <- sort1$ix[(pt+4):length(stepLength)]
    magic <- (1:length(stepLength) %in% slset)
  }
  magic
}

agDimTtest2 <- function(stepLength) {
  agDimTtest(stepLength, extra=1)
}

#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# changepoint criterion (cpt.mean in changepoint package)
agDimCPT <- function(stepLength) {
  sort1 <- sort(stepLength, decreasing=FALSE, method="qu",
                index.return=TRUE)
  fit <- cpt.mean(sort1$x, Q=2)
  cp <- cpts(fit)
  if (length(cp) != 0) {
    slset <- sort1$ix[(cp+1):length(stepLength)]
    magic <- (1:length(stepLength) %in% slset)
  } else {
    magic <- (stepLength == max(stepLength))
  }
  magic
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------
# cpm criterion (use detectChangePointBatch function in cpm package)
# use detectChangePointBatch function to detect the significant change 
# point in sorted step lengths, cpmethod is cpmType in the function
agDimCPM <- function(stepLength, cpmethod) {
  sort1 <- sort(stepLength, decreasing=FALSE, method="qu", 
                index.return=TRUE)
  fit <- detectChangePointBatch(sort1$x, cpmethod, alpha=0.05,
                                lambda=NA)
  cp <- fit$changePoint
  if (fit$changeDetected) {
    slset <- sort1$ix[(cp+1):length(stepLength)]
    magic <- (1:length(stepLength) %in% slset)
  } else {
    magic <- (stepLength == max(stepLength))
  }
  magic
}

makeAgCpmFun <- function(method) {
  function(stepLength) {
    agDimCPM(stepLength, method)
  }
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------
# another novel method
# agDimLeap <- function(stepLength) {
#   N <- length(stepLength)
#   sorted <- sort(stepLength)
#   cummean <- cumsum(sorted)/(1:N)
#   cumsd <- sapply(1:N, function(i) sd(sorted[1:i]))
#   p <- 1 - pnorm(sorted[4:N], cummean[3:(N-1)], cumsd[3:(N-1)])
#   p <- (N-3)*p # Bonferroni
#   if (any( p < 0.01)) { # magic number
#     w <- 3 + which(p < 0.01)[1]
#     magic <- stepLength >= sorted[w]
#   } else {
#     magic <- (stepLength == max(stepLength))
#   }
#   magic
# }

if(0) {
  plot(sorted, type='b')
  lines(cummean, col='red', type='b')
  lines(cummean+3*cumsd, col='blue', type='b')
  points(4:20, p, pch=16)
}

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PCDimension documentation built on Feb. 12, 2024, 3:01 a.m.