forestgap: Forest gap model
In caspr: Cellular Automata for Spatial Pressure in R

Description Usage Arguments Format Details Author(s) References See Also Examples

Dynamic model for forest pattern after recurring wind disturbance with two cell states: empty ("0") and vegetated ("+").

1	ca(l, forestgap, parms = p)

`alpha`	A numerical value. Reproduction rate per year.
`delta`	A numerical value. Death rate depending on local gap density.
`d`	A numerical value. intrinsic death rate.

List of 6
 $ name  : chr "Forest Gap Model"
 $ ref   : chr "Kubo, T., Y. Iwasa and N. Furumoto. 1996. Forest spatial dynamics with gap expansion: Total gap area and gap size distribution."| __truncated__
 $ states: chr [1:2] "+" "0"
 $ cols  : chr [1:2] "#000000" "#FFFFFF"
 $ parms :List of 3
  ..$ alpha: num 0.2
  ..$ delta: num 0.17
  ..$ d    : num 0.01
 $ update:function (x, parms, subs = 10)  
  ..- attr(*, "srcref")=Class 'srcref'  atomic [1:8] 98 21 133 1 21 1 98 133
  .. .. ..- attr(*, "srcfile")=Classes 'srcfilecopy', 'srcfile' <environment: 0x408fcc8> 
 - attr(*, "class")= chr "ca_model"

This model can use either an explicit height for trees, in which case states can be anywhere in a range [Smin...Smax] (Sol<c3><a9> et al., 1995), or use only two states, vegetated (non-gap) and empty (gap) (Kubo et al., 1996). Here we focus on the version that uses only two states: gap (0) and non-gap (+). Without spatial spreading of disturbance (all cells are independent), a cell transitions from empty to vegetated with a birth probability b and from vegetated to empty with death probability d.

However, gap expansion occurs in nature as trees having empty (non-vegetated) surroundings are more likely to fall due to disturbance (e.g. wind blows). Let p(0) be the proportion of neighbouring sites that are gaps. We can implement this expansion effect by modifying the death rate into d + delta p(0). Since 0 <= p(0) <= 1, delta represents the maximal added death rate due to gap expansion (i.e. the spatial component intensity).

In their simulations, the authors (Kubo et al. 1996) use a 100x100 torus-type lattice (with random initial covers?).

The authors consider two cases: one in which the recovery of trees is proportional to the global density of vegetated sites, and one where the recovery is proportional to the local density of vegetation. We use only the first case as it the only one producing bistability.

The birth rate b is replaced with alpha rho+ where rho+ represents the global density of non-gap sites and alpha is a positive constant. This can produce alternative stable states over a range of delta values within 0.15-0.2(alpha is fixed to 0.20 and d to 0.01).

The state transition probabilities thus become:

b = alpha rho+

and

d = d_0 + delta p_0

Kubo, T., Y. Iwasa and N. Furumoto.

Kubo, T. et al. (1996) Forest spatial dynamics with gap expansion: total gap area and gap size distribution. J. Theor. Biol. 180, 229<e2><80><93>246

Kizaki, S. and Katori, M. (1999) Analysis of canopy-gap structures of forests by Ising<e2><80><93>Gibbs states <e2><80><93> Equilibrium and scaling property of real forests. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 68, 2553<e2><80><93>2560

Katori, M. (1998) Forest dynamics with canopy gap expansion and stochastic Ising model. Fractals 6, 81<e2><80><93>86

Sol<c3><a9>, R.V. and Manrubia, S.C. (1995) Self-similarity in rain forests: evidence for a critical state. Phys. Rev. E. 51, 6250<e2><80><93>6253

Sol<c3><a9>, R.V. and Manrubia, S.C. (1995) Are rainforests self-organized in a critical state? J. Theor. Biol. 173, 31<e2><80><93>40

Other models: grazing; life; livestock; musselbed; predprey

l <- init_landscape(c("+","0"), c(0.6,0.4), width = 100) # create initial landscape
p <- list(alpha = 0.2, delta = 0.17, d = 0.01)   # set parameters
r <- ca(l, model = forestgap, parms = p, t_max = 100)    # run simulation

r
plot(r)