MCMChlogit: Markov Chain Monte Carlo for the Hierarchical Binomial Linear...

In MCMCpack: Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Package

Markov Chain Monte Carlo for the Hierarchical Binomial Linear Regression Model using the logit link function

Description

MCMChlogit generates a sample from the posterior distribution of a Hierarchical Binomial Linear Regression Model using the logit link function and Algorithm 2 of Chib and Carlin (1999). This model uses a multivariate Normal prior for the fixed effects parameters, an Inverse-Wishart prior on the random effects variance matrix, and an Inverse-Gamma prior on the variance modelling over-dispersion. The user supplies data and priors, and a sample from the posterior distribution is returned as an mcmc object, which can be subsequently analyzed with functions provided in the coda package.

Usage

MCMChlogit(
  fixed,
  random,
  group,
  data,
  burnin = 5000,
  mcmc = 10000,
  thin = 10,
  verbose = 1,
  seed = NA,
  beta.start = NA,
  sigma2.start = NA,
  Vb.start = NA,
  mubeta = 0,
  Vbeta = 1e+06,
  r,
  R,
  nu = 0.001,
  delta = 0.001,
  FixOD = 0,
  ...
)

Arguments

fixed	A two-sided linear formula of the form 'y~x1+...+xp' describing the fixed-effects part of the model, with the response on the left of a '~' operator and the p fixed terms, separated by '+' operators, on the right. Response variable y must be 0 or 1 (Binomial process).
random	A one-sided formula of the form '~x1+...+xq' specifying the model for the random effects part of the model, with the q random terms, separated by '+' operators.
group	String indicating the name of the grouping variable in data, defining the hierarchical structure of the model.
data	A data frame containing the variables in the model.
burnin	The number of burnin iterations for the sampler.
mcmc	The number of Gibbs iterations for the sampler. Total number of Gibbs iterations is equal to burnin+mcmc. burnin+mcmc must be divisible by 10 and superior or equal to 100 so that the progress bar can be displayed.
thin	The thinning interval used in the simulation. The number of mcmc iterations must be divisible by this value.
verbose	A switch (0,1) which determines whether or not the progress of the sampler is printed to the screen. Default is 1: a progress bar is printed, indicating the step (in %) reached by the Gibbs sampler.
seed	The seed for the random number generator. If NA, the Mersenne Twister generator is used with default seed 12345; if an integer is passed it is used to seed the Mersenne twister.
beta.start	The starting values for the \beta vector. This can either be a scalar or a p-length vector. The default value of NA will use the OLS \beta estimate of the corresponding Gaussian Linear Regression without random effects. If this is a scalar, that value will serve as the starting value mean for all of the betas.
sigma2.start	Scalar for the starting value of the residual error variance. The default value of NA will use the OLS estimates of the corresponding Gaussian Linear Regression without random effects.
Vb.start	The starting value for variance matrix of the random effects. This must be a square q-dimension matrix. Default value of NA uses an identity matrix.
mubeta	The prior mean of \beta. This can either be a scalar or a p-length vector. If this takes a scalar value, then that value will serve as the prior mean for all of the betas. The default value of 0 will use a vector of zeros for an uninformative prior.
Vbeta	The prior variance of \beta. This can either be a scalar or a square p-dimension matrix. If this takes a scalar value, then that value times an identity matrix serves as the prior variance of beta. Default value of 1.0E6 will use a diagonal matrix with very large variance for an uninformative flat prior.
r	The shape parameter for the Inverse-Wishart prior on variance matrix for the random effects. r must be superior or equal to q. Set r=q for an uninformative prior. See the NOTE for more details
R	The scale matrix for the Inverse-Wishart prior on variance matrix for the random effects. This must be a square q-dimension matrix. Use plausible variance regarding random effects for the diagonal of R. See the NOTE for more details
nu	The shape parameter for the Inverse-Gamma prior on the residual error variance. Default value is nu=delta=0.001 for uninformative prior.
delta	The rate (1/scale) parameter for the Inverse-Gamma prior on the residual error variance. Default value is nu=delta=0.001 for uninformative prior.
FixOD	A switch (0,1) which determines whether or not the variance for over-dispersion (sigma2) should be fixed (1) or not (0). Default is 0, parameter sigma2 is estimated. If FixOD=1, sigma2 is fixed to the value provided for sigma2.start.
...	further arguments to be passed

Details

MCMChlogit simulates from the posterior distribution sample using the blocked Gibbs sampler of Chib and Carlin (1999), Algorithm 2. The simulation is done in compiled C++ code to maximize efficiency. Please consult the coda documentation for a comprehensive list of functions that can be used to analyze the posterior sample.

The model takes the following form:

y_i \sim \mathcal{B}ernoulli(\theta_i)

With latent variables \phi(\theta_i), \phi being the logit link function:

\phi(\theta_i) = X_i \beta + W_i b_i + \varepsilon_i

Where each group i have k_i observations.

Where the random effects:

b_i \sim \mathcal{N}_q(0,V_b)

And the over-dispersion terms:

\varepsilon_i \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma^2 I_{k_i})

We assume standard, conjugate priors:

\beta \sim \mathcal{N}_p(\mu_{\beta},V_{\beta})

And:

\sigma^{2} \sim \mathcal{IG}amma(\nu, 1/\delta)

And:

V_b \sim \mathcal{IW}ishart(r, rR)

See Chib and Carlin (1999) for more details.

NOTE: We do not provide default parameters for the priors on the precision matrix for the random effects. When fitting one of these models, it is of utmost importance to choose a prior that reflects your prior beliefs about the random effects. Using the dwish and rwish functions might be useful in choosing these values.

Value

mcmc	An mcmc object that contains the posterior sample. This object can be summarized by functions provided by the coda package. The posterior sample of the deviance D, with D=-2\log(\prod_i P(y_i|\theta_i)), is also provided.
theta.pred	Predictive posterior mean for the inverse-logit of the latent variables. The approximation of Diggle et al. (2004) is used to marginalized with respect to over-dispersion terms: E[\theta_i|\beta,b_i,\sigma^2]=\phi^{-1}((X_i\beta+W_ib_i)/\sqrt{(16\sqrt{3}/15\pi)^2\sigma^2+1})

Author(s)

Ghislain Vieilledent <[e-mail]>

References

Siddhartha Chib and Bradley P. Carlin. 1999. “On MCMC Sampling in Hierarchical Longitudinal Models.” Statistics and Computing. 9: 17-26.

Daniel Pemstein, Kevin M. Quinn, and Andrew D. Martin. 2007. Scythe Statistical Library 1.0. http://scythe.wustl.edu.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/.

Andrew D. Martin and Kyle L. Saunders. 2002. “Bayesian Inference for Political Science Panel Data.” Paper presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Martyn Plummer, Nicky Best, Kate Cowles, and Karen Vines. 2006. “Output Analysis and Diagnostics for MCMC (CODA)”, R News. 6(1): 7-11. https://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2006-1.pdf.

Diggle P., Heagerty P., Liang K., and Zeger S. 2004. “Analysis of Longitudinal Data.” Oxford University Press, 2sd Edition.

See Also

plot.mcmc, summary.mcmc

Examples

## Not run: 
#========================================
# Hierarchical Binomial Linear Regression
#========================================

#== inv.logit function
inv.logit <- function(x, min=0, max=1) {
    p <- exp(x)/(1+exp(x))
    p <- ifelse( is.na(p) & !is.na(x), 1, p ) # fix problems with +Inf
    return(p*(max-min)+min)
}

#== Generating data

# Constants
nobs <- 1000
nspecies <- 20
species <- c(1:nspecies,sample(c(1:nspecies),(nobs-nspecies),replace=TRUE))

# Covariates
X1 <- runif(n=nobs,min=-10,max=10)
X2 <- runif(n=nobs,min=-10,max=10)
X <- cbind(rep(1,nobs),X1,X2)
W <- X

# Target parameters
# beta
beta.target <- matrix(c(0.3,0.2,0.1),ncol=1)
# Vb
Vb.target <- c(0.5,0.05,0.05)
# b
b.target <- cbind(rnorm(nspecies,mean=0,sd=sqrt(Vb.target[1])),
                  rnorm(nspecies,mean=0,sd=sqrt(Vb.target[2])),
                  rnorm(nspecies,mean=0,sd=sqrt(Vb.target[3])))

# Response
theta <- vector()
Y <- vector()
for (n in 1:nobs) {
  theta[n] <- inv.logit(X[n,]%*%beta.target+W[n,]%*%b.target[species[n],])
  Y[n] <- rbinom(n=1,size=1,prob=theta[n])
}

# Data-set
Data <- as.data.frame(cbind(Y,theta,X1,X2,species))
plot(Data$X1,Data$theta)

#== Call to MCMChlogit
model <- MCMChlogit(fixed=Y~X1+X2, random=~X1+X2, group="species",
              data=Data, burnin=5000, mcmc=1000, thin=1,verbose=1,
              seed=NA, beta.start=0, sigma2.start=1,
              Vb.start=1, mubeta=0, Vbeta=1.0E6,
              r=3, R=diag(c(1,0.1,0.1)), nu=0.001, delta=0.001, FixOD=1)

#== MCMC analysis

# Graphics
pdf("Posteriors-MCMChlogit.pdf")
plot(model$mcmc)
dev.off()

# Summary
summary(model$mcmc)

# Predictive posterior mean for each observation
model$theta.pred

# Predicted-Observed
plot(Data$theta,model$theta.pred)
abline(a=0,b=1)

## #Not run
## #You can also compare with lme4 results
## #== lme4 resolution
## library(lme4)
## model.lme4 <- lmer(Y~X1+X2+(1+X1+X2|species),data=Data,family="binomial")
## summary(model.lme4)
## plot(fitted(model.lme4),model$theta.pred,main="MCMChlogit/lme4")
## abline(a=0,b=1)

## End(Not run)

MCMCpack documentation built on Sept. 11, 2024, 8:13 p.m.