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## Confidence Intervals for Binomial Proportions
binomCI <- function(x, n, conf.level = 0.95, method = "wilson", rand = 123,
R = 9999, bootci.type = "all",
alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"), ...){
if (!is.na(pmatch(method, "wilson")))
method <- "wilson"
METHODS <- c("wald", "wilson", "agresti-coull", "jeffreys", "modified wilson",
"modified jeffreys", "clopper-pearson", "arcsine", "logit",
"witting", "wald-cc", "boot")
method <- pmatch(method, METHODS)
alternative <- match.arg(alternative)
if (is.na(method))
stop("invalid method")
if (method == -1)
stop("ambiguous method")
if(length(x) != 1)
stop("'x' has to be of length 1 (number of successes)")
if(length(n) != 1)
stop("'n' has to be of length 1 (number of trials)")
if(length(conf.level) != 1)
stop("'conf.level' has to be of length 1 (confidence level)")
if(conf.level < 0.5 | conf.level > 1)
stop("'conf.level' has to be in [0.5, 1]")
stopifnot(R >= 1)
R <- trunc(R)
x <- as.integer(x)
n <- as.integer(n)
alpha <- 1 - conf.level
if(alternative != "two.sided") alpha <- 2*alpha
kappa <- qnorm(1-alpha/2)
p.hat <- x/n
q.hat <- 1 - p.hat
Infos <- NULL
if(method == 1){ # wald
est <- p.hat
term2 <- kappa*sqrt(p.hat*q.hat)/sqrt(n)
CI.lower <- max(0, p.hat - term2)
CI.upper <- min(1, p.hat + term2)
Infos <- term2/kappa
names(Infos) <- "standard error of prob"
}
if(method == 2){ # wilson
est <- p.hat
term1 <- (x + kappa^2/2)/(n + kappa^2)
term2 <- kappa*sqrt(n)/(n + kappa^2)*sqrt(p.hat*q.hat + kappa^2/(4*n))
CI.lower <- max(0, term1 - term2)
CI.upper <- min(1, term1 + term2)
Infos <- term2/kappa
names(Infos) <- "standard error of prob"
}
if(method == 3){ # agresti-coull
x.tilde <- x + kappa^2/2
n.tilde <- n + kappa^2
p.tilde <- x.tilde/n.tilde
q.tilde <- 1 - p.tilde
est <- p.tilde
term2 <- kappa*sqrt(p.tilde*q.tilde)/sqrt(n.tilde)
CI.lower <- max(0, p.tilde - term2)
CI.upper <- min(1, p.tilde + term2)
Infos <- term2/kappa
names(Infos) <- "standard error of prob"
}
if(method == 4){ # jeffreys
est <- p.hat
if(x == 0)
CI.lower <- 0
else
CI.lower <- qbeta(alpha/2, x+0.5, n-x+0.5)
if(x == n)
CI.upper <- 1
else
CI.upper <- qbeta(1-alpha/2, x+0.5, n-x+0.5)
}
if(method == 5){ # modified wilson
est <- p.hat
term1 <- (x + kappa^2/2)/(n + kappa^2)
term2 <- kappa*sqrt(n)/(n + kappa^2)*sqrt(p.hat*q.hat + kappa^2/(4*n))
if((n <= 50 & x %in% c(1, 2)) | (n >= 51 & x %in% c(1:3)))
CI.lower <- 0.5*qchisq(alpha, 2*x)/n
else
CI.lower <- max(0, term1 - term2)
if((n <= 50 & x %in% c(n-1, n-2)) | (n >= 51 & x %in% c(n-(1:3))))
CI.upper <- 1 - 0.5*qchisq(alpha, 2*(n-x))/n
else
CI.upper <- min(1, term1 + term2)
Infos <- term2/kappa
names(Infos) <- "standard error of prob"
}
if(method == 6){ # modified jeffreys
est <- p.hat
if(x == n)
CI.lower <- (alpha/2)^(1/n)
else{
if(x <= 1)
CI.lower <- 0
else
CI.lower <- qbeta(alpha/2, x+0.5, n-x+0.5)
}
if(x == 0)
CI.upper <- 1 - (alpha/2)^(1/n)
else{
if(x >= n-1)
CI.upper <- 1
else
CI.upper <- qbeta(1-alpha/2, x+0.5, n-x+0.5)
}
}
if(method == 7){ # clopper-pearson
est <- p.hat
CI.lower <- qbeta(alpha/2, x, n-x+1)
CI.upper <- qbeta(1-alpha/2, x+1, n-x)
}
if(method == 8){ # arcsine
p.tilde <- (x + 0.375)/(n + 0.75)
est <- p.tilde
CI.lower <- sin(asin(sqrt(p.tilde)) - 0.5*kappa/sqrt(n))^2
CI.upper <- sin(asin(sqrt(p.tilde)) + 0.5*kappa/sqrt(n))^2
}
if(method == 9){ # logit
est <- p.hat
lambda.hat <- log(x/(n-x))
V.hat <- n/(x*(n-x))
lambda.lower <- lambda.hat - kappa*sqrt(V.hat)
lambda.upper <- lambda.hat + kappa*sqrt(V.hat)
CI.lower <- exp(lambda.lower)/(1 + exp(lambda.lower))
CI.upper <- exp(lambda.upper)/(1 + exp(lambda.upper))
}
if(method == 10){ # witting
set.seed(rand)
x.tilde <- x + runif(1, min = 0, max = 1)
pbinom.abscont <- function(q, size, prob){
v <- trunc(q)
term1 <- pbinom(v-1, size = size, prob = prob)
term2 <- (q - v)*dbinom(v, size = size, prob = prob)
return(term1 + term2)
}
qbinom.abscont <- function(p, size, x){
fun <- function(prob, size, x, p){
pbinom.abscont(x, size, prob) - p
}
uniroot(fun, interval = c(0, 1), size = size, x = x, p = p)$root
}
est <- p.hat
CI.lower <- qbinom.abscont(1-alpha, size = n, x = x.tilde)
CI.upper <- qbinom.abscont(alpha, size = n, x = x.tilde)
}
if(method == 11){ # wald-CC
est <- p.hat
term2 <- kappa*sqrt(p.hat*q.hat)/sqrt(n)
CC <- 0.5/n
CI.lower <- max(0, p.hat - term2 - CC)
CI.upper <- min(1, p.hat + term2 + CC)
Infos <- term2/kappa
names(Infos) <- "standard error of prob"
}
if(method == 12){ # boot
if(x == 0 | x == n)
warning("All observations are identical.\n",
"Choose a different method for computing the confidence interval!")
est <- p.hat
DATA <- numeric(n)
DATA[1:x] <- 1
boot.rf <- function(x, i){
p <- mean(x[i])
n <- length(i)
c(p, p*(1-p)/n)
}
boot.out <- boot(DATA, statistic = boot.rf, R = R, ...)
CI <- try(boot.ci(boot.out, type = bootci.type, conf = 1-alpha), silent = TRUE)
if(inherits(CI, "try-error"))
stop("Function 'boot.ci' returned an error. Please try a different 'bootci.type'.")
Infos <- c(sqrt(p.hat*q.hat)/sqrt(n), sqrt(var(boot.out$t[,1])))
names(Infos) <- c("standard error of prob",
"bootstrap standard error of prob")
}
if(alternative == "less")
if(method == 12){
if("normal" %in% names(CI)){
CI$normal[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$normal[1,2] <- 0
}
if("basic" %in% names(CI)){
CI$basic[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$basic[1,4] <- 0
}
if("student" %in% names(CI)){
CI$student[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$student[1,4] <- 0
}
if("percent" %in% names(CI)){
CI$percent[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$percent[1,4] <- 0
}
if("bca" %in% names(CI)){
CI$bca[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$bca[1,4] <- 0
}
}else
CI.lower <- 0
if(alternative == "greater")
if(method == 12){
if("normal" %in% names(CI)){
CI$normal[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$normal[1,3] <- 1
}
if("basic" %in% names(CI)){
CI$basic[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$basic[1,5] <- 1
}
if("student" %in% names(CI)){
CI$student[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$student[1,5] <- 1
}
if("percent" %in% names(CI)){
CI$percent[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$percent[1,5] <- 1
}
if("bca" %in% names(CI)){
CI$bca[1,1] <- conf.level
CI$bca[1,5] <- 1
}
}else
CI.upper <- 1
if(method != 12){
CI <- matrix(c(CI.lower, CI.upper), nrow = 1)
rownames(CI) <- "prob"
if(alternative == "two.sided")
colnames(CI) <- c(paste(alpha/2*100, "%"), paste((1-alpha/2)*100, "%"))
if(alternative == "less")
colnames(CI) <- c("0 %", paste((1-alpha/2)*100, "%"))
if(alternative == "greater")
colnames(CI) <- c(paste(alpha/2*100, "%"), "100 %")
attr(CI, "conf.level") <- conf.level
}
names(est) <- "prob"
structure(list("estimate" = est, "conf.int" = CI, "Infos" = Infos,
"method" = paste(METHODS[method], "confidence interval")),
class = "confint")
}
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