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##################################################################################################
ChaoLee1992=function(n,t=10,method="all",conf=0.95){
## =================================================================================
## Purpose: This function calculates the lower bound estimator by chao 1984
## input: n --- frequency and frequency data n, matrix format, numeral data frame
## t --- integer cutoff value defining less abundant species, default is 10
## method --- "ACE" or "ACE-1" or "all".
## conf--confidence level, a numerical value<1, default .95
## output: ACE,ACE-1 estimators, standard errors, and confidence interval.
## =================================================================================
if (t!=round(t)||t<0) stop("Error: The cutoff t to define less abundant species must be non-negative integer!")
if (ncol(n)!=2||is.numeric(n[,1])==FALSE||is.numeric(n[,2])==FALSE) {
stop("Error: The frequency of frequencies data n must be a 2-column matrix.")
}
if(is.numeric(conf)==FALSE||conf>1||conf<0) stop("Error: confidence level must be a numerical value between 0 and 1, e.g. 0.95")
if(t>nrow(n)){
cat("Warnings: the t that defines the abundant/rare species must be smaller than number of rows in your data matrix n!","\n")
cat(" We use t=", nrow(n), "in this calculation!","\n\n")
t=nrow(n)
}
n=as.matrix(n)
m=max(n[,1])
ntemp=cbind(c(1:m),rep(0,m))
ntemp[n[,1],2]=n[,2]
n=as.matrix(ntemp)
colnames(n)=NULL
rownames(n)=NULL
############################
estimate=numeric(4)
standError=numeric(4)
A1=sum(n[1:t,2])
A2=sum(n[1:t,2])-n[1,2]
B1=sum(n[1:t,1]*n[1:t,2])
B2=B1-n[1,2]
C2=sum(n[1:t,1]*(n[1:t,1]-1)*n[1:t,2])
f=n[1:t,2]
## Point estimator (Eq. (2.14) for Chao2 (ACE) and Eq. (2.15) for Chao3 (ACE-1) on page 211, Chao and Lee 1992)
total = sum(n[1:t,1]*n[1:t,2])
C = 1-n[1,2]/total
good = sum(n[1:t,2])/C
gama = max(sum(good*n[1:t,1]*(n[1:t,1]-1)*n[1:t,2])/total/(total-1)-1,0)
gama2 =gama*(1+total*(1-C)*sum(n[1:t,1]*(n[1:t,1]-1)*n[1:t,2]/total/(total-1)/C))
chao20=good+n[1,2]/C*gama
chao30=good+total*(1-C)/C*gama2
if(t!=nrow(n)){
chao2 = good+n[1,2]/C*gama +sum(n[(t+1):nrow(n),2])
}
if(t==nrow(n)){
chao2 = good+n[1,2]/C*gama
}
if(t!=nrow(n)){
chao3 = good+total*(1-C)/C*gama2+sum(n[(t+1):nrow(n),2])
}
if(t==nrow(n)){
chao3 = good+total*(1-C)/C*gama2
}
## standard error for chao2 (Eq. (2.17) for Chao2 (ACE) estimator on page 211, Chao and Lee 1992.
## Formula for Chao3 not provided, but similar
partial=numeric(t)
partial[1]=A2/B2+C2/B2^2*((A1*B1+f[1]*B1+f[1]*A1)/(B1-1)-f[1]*A1*B1/(B1-1)^2)
for (i in 2:(t)){
partial[i]=(B1+i*A2)/B2-i*A2*B1/B2^2+(f[1]*C2*B1+i*(i-1)*f[1]*A1*B1+i*f[1]*A1*C2)/(B2^2*(B1-1))-(f[1]*A1*B1*C2*(B2^2*i+2*i*(B1-1)*B2))/(B2^2*(B1-1))^2
}
cova=matrix(0,t,t)
for (i in 1:t){
for (j in 1:t){
if(i==j){
cova[i,j]=f[i]*(1-f[i]/chao20)
}
if(i!=j){
cova[i,j]=-f[i]*f[j]/chao20
}
}
}
SE=0
for ( i in 1:t){
for (j in 1:t){
SE=SE+partial[i]*partial[j]*cova[i,j]
}
}
SE=partial%*%cova%*%partial
SE2=sqrt(SE[1,1])
## standard error for chao3 (Formula for standard error of Chao3 was not provided by Chao and Lee 1992, but similar to Chao2).
partial2=partial
partial2[1]=partial2[1]+(2*f[1]*A1*B1*C2^2+f[1]^2*B1*C2^2+f[1]^2*A1*C2^2)/(B2^3)/(B1-1)^2-(2*f[1]^2*A1*B1*C2^2)/(B2^3*(B1-1)^3)-(2*f[1]*B1*C2+f[1]^2*C2)/(B2^2*(B1-1))+(f[1]^2*B1*C2)/(B2^2*(B1-1)^2)
for (i in 2:(t)){ partial2[i]=partial2[i]+(f[1]^2*B1*C2^2+f[1]^2*A1*i*C2^2+2*f[1]^2*A1*B1*C2*i*(i-1))/(B2^3*(B1-1)^2)-(f[1]^2*A1*B1*C2^2)*(3*B2^2*i*(B1-1)^2+2*(B1-1)*i*B2^3)/(B2^3*(B1-1)^2)^2-(f[1]^2*i*C2+f[1]^2*B1*i*(i-1))/(B2^2*(B1-1))+(f[1]^2*B1*C2*(2*B2*(B1-1)*i+B2^2*i))/(B2^2*(B1-1))^2
}
cova2=matrix(0,t,t)
for (i in 1:t){
for (j in 1:t){
if(i==j){
cova2[i,j]=f[i]*(1-f[i]/chao30)
}
if(i!=j){
cova2[i,j]=-f[i]*f[j]/chao30
}
}
}
SE=0
for ( i in 1:t){
for (j in 1:t){
SE=SE+partial2[i]*partial2[j]*cova2[i,j]
}
}
SE=partial2%*%cova2%*%partial2
SE3=sqrt(SE[1,1])
CI0=matrix(0,2,2)
##confidence interval
coe=qnorm(1-(1-conf)/2,0,1)
C=exp(coe*log(1+SE2^2/(chao2-A1)^2)^0.5)
CI0[1,1]=A1+(chao2-A1)/C
CI0[1,2]= A1+(chao2-A1)*C
C=exp(coe*log(1+SE3^2/(chao3-A1)^2)^0.5)
CI0[2,1]=A1+(chao3-A1)/C
CI0[2,2]= A1+(chao3-A1)*C
colnames(CI0)=c("lb","ub")
rownames(CI0)=c("ACE","ACE-1")
ACE=round(chao2)
ACE1=round(chao3)
CI0=round(CI0)
if (toupper(method)=="ACE"){
return(list(Nhat=ACE,SE=SE2,CI=matrix(CI0[1,],1,2)))
} else if (toupper(method)=="ACE-1"){
return(list(Nhat=ACE1,SE=SE3,CI=matrix(CI0[1,],1,2)))
} else if (toupper(method)=="ALL"){
CI=CI0
return(list(Nhat=c(ACE,ACE1),SE=c(SE2,SE3),CI=CI0))
}
else{
cat("The specified METHOD is invalid. It has to be 'ACE, ACE-1','all'","\n\n")
}
}
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