rpostgis: R Interface to a 'PostGIS' Database

Documented in pgInsert pgWriteGeom print.pgi

## pgWriteGeom

##' Inserts data into a PostgreSQL table.
##'
##' This function takes a take an R \code{sf}, a \code{SpatVector} or \code{sp} object (\code{Spatial*} or
##' \code{Spatial*DataFrame}); or a regular \code{data.frame}, and performs the
##' database insert (and table creation, when the table does not exist)
##' on the database.
##'
##' If \code{new.id} is specified, a new sequential integer field is
##' added to the data frame for insert. For \code{spatial}-only
##' objects (no data frame), a new ID column is created by default with name
##' \code{"gid"}.
##'
##' This function will use \code{\link[sf]{st_as_text}} for geography types, and
##' \code{\link[sf]{st_as_binary}} for geometry types.
##'
##' In the event of function or database error, the database uses
##' ROLLBACK to revert to the previous state. 
##' 
##' If the user specifies \code{return.pgi = TRUE}, and data preparation is
##' successful, the function will return 
##' a \code{pgi} object (see next paragraph), regardless of whether the
##' insert was successful or not. This object can be useful for debugging, 
##' or re-used as the \code{data.obj} in \code{pgWriteGeom}; 
##' (e.g., when data preparation is slow, and the exact same data 
##' needs to be inserted into tables in two separate
##' tables or databases). If \code{return.pgi = FALSE}
##' (default), the function will return \code{TRUE} for successful insert and
##' \code{FALSE} for failed inserts.
##' 
##' Use this function with \code{df.mode = TRUE} to save data frames from
##' \code{spatial}-class objects to the database in "data frame mode". Along with normal 
##' \code{dbwriteDataFrame} operation, the proj4string of the spatial 
##' data will also be saved, and re-attached to the data when using 
##' \code{pgGetGeom} to import the data. Note that other attributes
##' of \code{spatial} objects are \strong{not} saved (e.g., \code{coords.nrs},
##' which is used to specify the column index of x/y columns in \code{*POINT} and
##'  \code{SpatialPoints*}).
##' 
##' pgi objects are a list containing four character strings: (1)
##' in.table, the table name which will be created or inserted
##' into (2) db.new.table, the SQL statement to create the new
##' table, (3) db.cols.insert, a character string of the database column
##' names to insert into, and (4) insert.data, a character string
##' of the data to insert.
##' 
##' 
##' @param conn A connection object to a PostgreSQL database
##' @param name A character string specifying a PostgreSQL schema and
##'     table name (e.g., \code{name = c("schema","table")}). 
##'     If not already existing, the table will be
##'     created. If the table already exists, the function will check
##'     if all R data frame columns match database columns, and if so,
##'     do the insert. If not, the insert will be aborted. The
##'     argument \code{partial.match} allows for inserts with only
##'     partial matches of data frame and database column names, and
##'     \code{overwrite} allows for overwriting the existing database
##'     table.
##' @param data.obj A \code{sf},\code{SpatVector}, \code{sp}-class, or \code{data.frame}
##' @param geom character string. For \code{Spatial*} datasets, the name of
##'     geometry/(geography) column in the database table.  (existing or to be
##'     created; defaults to \code{"geom"}). The special name "geog" will
##'     automatically set \code{geog} to TRUE. 
##' @param df.mode Logical; Whether to write the (Spatial) data frame in data frame mode 
##'     (preserving data frame column attributes and row.names).
##'     A new table must be created with this mode (or overwrite set to TRUE),
##'     and the \code{row.names}, \code{alter.names}, and \code{new.id} arguments will
##'     be ignored (see \code{\link[rpostgis]{dbWriteDataFrame}} for more information).
##' @param partial.match Logical; allow insert on partial column
##'     matches between data frame and database table. If \code{TRUE},
##'     columns in R data frame will be compared with the existing
##'     database table \code{name}.  Columns in the data frame that
##'     exactly match the database table will be inserted into the
##'     database table.
##' @param overwrite Logical; if true, a new table (\code{name}) will
##'     overwrite the existing table (\code{name}) in the database. Note:
##'     overwriting a view must be done manually (e.g., with \code{\link[rpostgis]{dbDrop}}).
##' @param new.id Character, name of a new sequential integer ID
##'     column to be added to the table for insert (for spatial objects without
##'     data frames, this column is created even if left \code{NULL}
##'     and defaults to the name \code{"gid"}). If \code{partial.match
##'     = TRUE} and the column does not exist in the database table,
##'     it will be discarded.
##' @param row.names Whether to add the data frame row names to the 
##'     database table. Column name will be '.R_rownames'.
##' @param upsert.using Character, name of the column(s) in the database table 
##'     or constraint name used to identify already-existing rows in the table, which will
##'     be updated rather than inserted. The column(s) must have a unique constraint
##'     already created in the database table (e.g., a primary key). 
##'     Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+.
##' @param alter.names Logical, whether to make database column names
##'     DB-compliant (remove special characters/capitalization). Default is
##'     \code{FALSE}.  (This must be set to \code{FALSE} to match
##'     with non-standard names in an existing database table.)
##' @param encoding Character vector of length 2, containing the
##'     from/to encodings for the data (as in the function
##'     \code{\link[base]{iconv}}). For example, if the dataset contain certain
##'     latin characters (e.g., accent marks), and the database is in
##'     UTF-8, use \code{encoding = c("latin1", "UTF-8")}. Left
##'     \code{NULL}, no conversion will be done.
##' @param return.pgi Whether to return a formatted list of insert parameters
##'     (i.e., a \code{pgi} object; see function details.)
##' @param df.geom Character vector, name of a character column in an R data.frame
##'     storing PostGIS geometries, this argument can be used to insert a geometry
##'     stored as character type in a data.frame (do not use with Spatial* data types).
##'     If only the column name is used (e.g., \code{df.geom = "geom"}), 
##'     the column type will be a generic (GEOMETRY); use a two-length character vector 
##'     (e.g., \code{df.geom = c("geom", "(POINT,4326)")} to also specify a 
##'     specific PostGIS geometry type and SRID for the column. Only recommended for
##'     for new tables/overwrites, since this method will change the 
##'     existing column type.
##' @param geog Logical; Whether to write the spatial data as a PostGIS 
##'     'GEOGRAPHY' type. By default, FALSE, unless \code{geom = "geog"}.
##' @author David Bucklin \email{david.bucklin@@gmail.com} and Adrián Cidre
##' González \email{adrian.cidre@@gmail.com}
##' @importFrom sf st_geometry_type st_as_sf st_transform st_crs
##' @export
##' @return Returns \code{TRUE} if the insertion was successful,
##' \code{FALSE} if failed, or a \code{pgi} object if specified.
##' @examples
##' \dontrun{
##' library(sf)
##' pts <- st_sf(a = 1:2, geom = st_sfc(st_point(0:1), st_point(1:2)), crs = 4326)
##'
##' ## Insert data in new database table
##' pgWriteGeom(conn, name = c("public", "my_pts"), data.obj = pts)
##'
##' ## The same command will insert into already created table (if all R
##' ## columns match)
##' pgWriteGeom(conn, name = c("public", "my_pts"), data.obj = pts)
##'
##' ## If not all database columns match, need to use partial.match = TRUE,
##' ## where non-matching columns are not inserted
##' names(pts)[1] <- "b"
##' pgWriteGeom(conn, name = c("public", "my_pts"), data.obj = pts,
##'     partial.match = TRUE)
##' }

pgWriteGeom <- function(conn, name, data.obj, geom = "geom", df.mode = FALSE, partial.match = FALSE, 
    overwrite = FALSE, new.id = NULL, row.names = FALSE, upsert.using = NULL,
    alter.names = FALSE, encoding = NULL, return.pgi = FALSE, df.geom = NULL, geog = FALSE) {
    
  ## Check if connection exists, and PostGIS extension
  dbConnCheck(conn)
  if (!suppressMessages(pgPostGIS(conn))) {
    stop("PostGIS is not enabled on this database.")
  }
  
  ## Convert to sf object (terra and sp) -> exclude data frame and pgi
  if (!inherits(data.obj, "sf") 
      & !inherits(data.obj, "data.frame") 
      & !inherits(data.obj, "pgi")) data.obj <- sf::st_as_sf(data.obj)
  
  # If name of geometry is "geog", it should be geography object
  if (geom == "geog") geog <- TRUE
  
  ## For data frame mode, we need some parameters
  ## Data frame mode will create new tables or overwrite
  if (df.mode) {
    if (!dbExistsTable(conn, name, table.only = TRUE) | overwrite) {
      partial.match <- FALSE
      new.id        <- ".db_pkid"
      row.names     <- TRUE
      upsert.using  <- NULL
      alter.names   <- FALSE
    } else if (!overwrite & dbExistsTable(conn,name, table.only = TRUE)) {
      stop("df.mode = TRUE only allowed for new tables or with overwrite = TRUE.")
    }
  }
  
  ## Check version for upserts
  if (!is.null(upsert.using)) {
    ver <- dbVersion(conn)
    if (ver[1] < 9 | (ver[1] == 9 && ver[2] < 5)) {
      stop("'Upsert' not supported in your PostgreSQL version (",paste(ver,collapse = "."),
           "). Requires version 9.5 or above.")
    }
  }
  
  ## Check data class of table to insert
  cls <- class(data.obj)[1]
  
  ## If class is "pgi", it needs a table in pgi$in.table
  if (cls == "pgi") {
    if (is.null(data.obj$in.table)) {
      stop("Table to insert into not specified (in pgi$in.table). Set this and re-run.")
    } else {
      name <- data.obj$in.table
    }
  }
  
  ## Check for existing table
  exists.t <- dbExistsTable(conn, name, table.only = TRUE)
  if (!exists.t) {
    message("Creating new table...")
    create.table <- name
    force.match  <- NULL
  } else if (exists.t & overwrite & !partial.match) {
    create.table <- name
    force.match  <- NULL
  } else {
    force.match  <- name
    create.table <- NULL
  }
  
  ## Prepare pgi with insertize functions. Set to NULL before attempting
  ## Pgi will be prepared depending on data object
  pgi <- NULL
  if (cls == "sf") {
    if (geog) data.obj <- sf::st_transform(data.obj, sf::st_crs("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"))
    try(suppressMessages(pgSRID(conn, sf::st_crs(data.obj), 
                                create.srid = TRUE, new.srid = NULL)), silent = TRUE)
    try(pgi <- pgInsertizeGeom(data.obj, geom, create.table, force.match, conn, 
                               new.id, row.names, alter.names, partial.match, df.mode,
                               geog), silent = TRUE)
  } else if (cls == "data.frame") {
    try(pgi <- pgInsertize(data.obj, create.table, force.match, conn, new.id, row.names, 
                           alter.names, partial.match, df.mode = TRUE), silent = TRUE)
  } else if (cls == "pgi") {
    pgi <- data.obj
    message("Using previously created pgi object. All arguments except for \"conn\", \"overwrite\", and \"encoding\" will be ignored.")
  } else {
    #dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    stop("Input data object not of correct class - must be a Spatial*, Spatial*DataFrame, (MULTI)(POINT, LINESTRING, POLYGON) or data frame.")
  }
  
  ## If pgi is still NULL, return error (no changes detected)
  if (is.null(pgi)) {
    #dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    stop("Table preparation failed. No changes made to database.")
  }
  
  ## Begin transanction to ensure data consistency
  dbExecute(conn, "BEGIN TRANSACTION;")
  
  ## Change encoding if specified
  if (!is.null(encoding)) {
    pgi$insert.data <- iconv(pgi$insert.data, encoding[1], encoding[2])
  }
  
  ## Create table if specified
  if (!is.null(pgi$db.new.table)) {
    if (overwrite & exists.t) {
      over.t <- dbDrop(conn, name = name, type = "table", 
                       ifexists = TRUE)
      if (!over.t) {
        dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
        message("Could not drop existing table. No changes made to database.")
        if (return.pgi) {
          return(pgi)
        } else {
          return(FALSE)
        }
      }
    }
    quet <- NULL
    try({
      for (q in pgi$db.new.table) quet <- dbExecute(conn, q)
    })
    if (is.null(quet)) {
      dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
      message("Table creation failed. No changes made to database.")
      if (return.pgi) {
        return(pgi)
      } else {
        return(FALSE)
      }
    }
  } else if (is.null(pgi$db.new.table) & overwrite) {
    message("No create table definition in pgi object (pgi$db.new.table);
              not dropping existing table...")
  }
  
  ## Set name of table
  name <- pgi$in.table
  nameque <- dbTableNameFix(conn,name)
  
  # df with geom add column
  if (!is.null(df.geom)) {
    if (alter.names) df.geom[1] <- tolower(gsub("[+-.,!@$%^&*();/|<>]", "_", df.geom[1]))
    if (length(df.geom) == 1) df.geom <- list(df.geom, NULL) else df.geom <- as.list(df.geom)
    try(dbExecute(conn, paste0("ALTER TABLE ", nameque[1], 
                               ".", nameque[2], " ALTER COLUMN ",dbQuoteIdentifier(conn, df.geom[[1]]),
                               " TYPE GEOMETRY",df.geom[[2]],";")))
  }
  
  # Columns and values for PostgreSQL
  cols   <- pgi$db.cols.insert
  values <- pgi$insert.data
  db.cols <- dbTableInfo(conn, name = name)$column_name
  
  ## Return error if database table not found, and return pgi when specified
  if (is.null(db.cols)) {
    dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    message(paste0("Database table ", paste(name, collapse = "."), 
                   " not found; No changes made to database."))
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(FALSE)
    }
  }
  
  ## Check that R and PostgreSQL database columns are the same
  test <- match(cols, db.cols)
  unmatched <- cols[is.na(test)]
  if (length(unmatched) > 0) {
    dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    message(paste0("The column(s) (", paste(unmatched, collapse = ","), 
                   ") are not in the database table. No changes made to database."))
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(FALSE)
    }
  }
  
  ## Upsert data
  up.query <- NULL
  if (is.null(pgi$db.new.table) && !is.null(upsert.using)) {
    excl   <- dbQuoteIdentifier(conn,pgi$db.cols.insert[!pgi$db.cols.insert %in% upsert.using])
    excl2  <- paste(excl, " = excluded.",excl,sep = "")
    excl.q <- paste(excl2,collapse = ", ")
    up     <- dbQuoteIdentifier(conn,upsert.using)
    if (length(excl) == length(pgi$db.cols.insert)) {
      message("Upserting using constraint name...")
      up.query <- paste0(" ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT ",paste(up,collapse = ",")," DO UPDATE SET ",
                         excl.q) 
    } else {
      message("Upserting using column name(s)...")
      up.query <- paste0(" ON CONFLICT (",paste(up,collapse = ","),") DO UPDATE SET ",
                         excl.q)
    }
  }
  
  ## Column names in SQL quote format
  cols2 <- paste0("(", paste(dbQuoteIdentifier(conn,cols), collapse = ","), ")")
  quei  <- NULL
  ## Send insert query
  temp.query <- paste0("INSERT INTO ", nameque[1], 
                       ".", nameque[2], cols2, " VALUES ", values, up.query,";")
  try(quei <- dbExecute(conn, temp.query))
  if (!is.null(quei)) {
    ## In df mode set .db_pkid as primary key
    if (df.mode) {suppressMessages(dbAddKey(conn, name, colname = ".db_pkid", type = "primary"))}
    dbExecute(conn, "COMMIT;")
    message(paste0("Data inserted into table ",nameque[1],".",nameque[2]))
    ## Return TRUE
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(TRUE)
    }
  } else {
    dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    message("Insert failed. No changes made to database.")
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(FALSE)
    }
  }
}

## print.pgi

##' @rdname pgWriteGeom
##' @param x A list of class \code{pgi}
##' @param ... Further arguments not used.
##' @export
print.pgi <- function(x, ...) {
    cat("pgi object: PostgreSQL insert object from pgInsertize* function in rpostgis. Use with pgWriteGeom() to insert into database table.")
    cat("\n************************************\n")
    if (!is.null(x$in.tab)) {
        cat(paste0("Insert table: ", paste(x$in.tab, collapse = ".")))
        cat("\n************************************\n")
    }
    if (!is.null(x$db.new.table)) {
        cat(paste0("SQL to create new table: ", x$db.new.table))
        cat("\n************************************\n")
    }
    cat(paste0("Columns to insert into: ", paste(x$db.cols.insert, 
        collapse = ",")))
    cat("\n************************************\n")
    cat(paste0("Formatted insert data: ", substr(x$insert.data, 
        0, 1000)))
    if (nchar(x$insert.data) > 1000) {
        cat("........Only the first 1000 characters shown")
    }
}

## pgInsert

##' Inserts data into a PostgreSQL table.
##'
##' @description
##' `r lifecycle::badge("deprecated")`
##' 
##' This function has been deprecated in favour of [pgWriteGeom()] and will be
##' removed in a future release.
##' 
##' This function takes a take an R \code{sp} object (\code{Spatial*} or
##' \code{Spatial*DataFrame}), or a regular \code{data.frame}, and performs the
##' database insert (and table creation, when the table does not exist)
##' on the database.
##'
##' If \code{new.id} is specified, a new sequential integer field is
##' added to the data frame for insert. For \code{Spatial*}-only
##' objects (no data frame), a new ID column is created by default with name
##' \code{"gid"}.
##'
##' This function will use \code{\link[sf]{st_as_text}} for geography types, and
##' \code{\link[sf]{st_as_binary}} for geometry types.
##'
##' In the event of function or database error, the database uses
##' ROLLBACK to revert to the previous state. 
##' 
##' If the user specifies \code{return.pgi = TRUE}, and data preparation is
##' successful, the function will return 
##' a \code{pgi} object (see next paragraph), regardless of whether the
##' insert was successful or not. This object can be useful for debugging, 
##' or re-used as the \code{data.obj} in \code{pgInsert}; 
##' (e.g., when data preparation is slow, and the exact same data 
##' needs to be inserted into tables in two separate
##' tables or databases). If \code{return.pgi = FALSE}
##' (default), the function will return \code{TRUE} for successful insert and
##' \code{FALSE} for failed inserts.
##' 
##' Use this function with \code{df.mode = TRUE} to save data frames from
##' \code{Spatial*}-class objects to the database in "data frame mode". Along with normal 
##' \code{dbwriteDataFrame} operation, the proj4string of the spatial 
##' data will also be saved, and re-attached to the data when using 
##' \code{pgGetGeom} to import the data. Note that other attributes
##' of \code{Spatial*} objects are \strong{not} saved (e.g., \code{coords.nrs},
##' which is used to specify the column index of x/y columns in \code{SpatialPoints*}).
##' 
##' pgi objects are a list containing four character strings: (1)
##' in.table, the table name which will be created or inserted
##' into (2) db.new.table, the SQL statement to create the new
##' table, (3) db.cols.insert, a character string of the database column
##' names to insert into, and (4) insert.data, a character string
##' of the data to insert.
##' 
##' 
##' @param conn A connection object to a PostgreSQL database
##' @param name A character string specifying a PostgreSQL schema and
##'     table name (e.g., \code{name = c("schema","table")}). 
##'     If not already existing, the table will be
##'     created. If the table already exists, the function will check
##'     if all R data frame columns match database columns, and if so,
##'     do the insert. If not, the insert will be aborted. The
##'     argument \code{partial.match} allows for inserts with only
##'     partial matches of data frame and database column names, and
##'     \code{overwrite} allows for overwriting the existing database
##'     table.
##' @param data.obj A \code{Spatial*} or \code{Spatial*DataFrame}, or \code{data.frame}
##' @param geom character string. For \code{Spatial*} datasets, the name of
##'     geometry/(geography) column in the database table.  (existing or to be
##'     created; defaults to \code{"geom"}). The special name "geog" will
##'     automatically set \code{geog} to TRUE. 
##' @param df.mode Logical; Whether to write the (Spatial) data frame in data frame mode 
##'     (preserving data frame column attributes and row.names).
##'     A new table must be created with this mode (or overwrite set to TRUE),
##'     and the \code{row.names}, \code{alter.names}, and \code{new.id} arguments will
##'     be ignored (see \code{\link[rpostgis]{dbWriteDataFrame}} for more information).
##' @param partial.match Logical; allow insert on partial column
##'     matches between data frame and database table. If \code{TRUE},
##'     columns in R data frame will be compared with the existing
##'     database table \code{name}.  Columns in the data frame that
##'     exactly match the database table will be inserted into the
##'     database table.
##' @param overwrite Logical; if true, a new table (\code{name}) will
##'     overwrite the existing table (\code{name}) in the database. Note:
##'     overwriting a view must be done manually (e.g., with \code{\link[rpostgis]{dbDrop}}).
##' @param new.id Character, name of a new sequential integer ID
##'     column to be added to the table for insert (for spatial objects without
##'     data frames, this column is created even if left \code{NULL}
##'     and defaults to the name \code{"gid"}). If \code{partial.match
##'     = TRUE} and the column does not exist in the database table,
##'     it will be discarded.
##' @param row.names Whether to add the data frame row names to the 
##'     database table. Column name will be '.R_rownames'.
##' @param upsert.using Character, name of the column(s) in the database table 
##'     or constraint name used to identify already-existing rows in the table, which will
##'     be updated rather than inserted. The column(s) must have a unique constraint
##'     already created in the database table (e.g., a primary key). 
##'     Requires PostgreSQL 9.5+.
##' @param alter.names Logical, whether to make database column names
##'     DB-compliant (remove special characters/capitalization). Default is
##'     \code{FALSE}.  (This must be set to \code{FALSE} to match
##'     with non-standard names in an existing database table.)
##' @param encoding Character vector of length 2, containing the
##'     from/to encodings for the data (as in the function
##'     \code{\link[base]{iconv}}). For example, if the dataset contain certain
##'     latin characters (e.g., accent marks), and the database is in
##'     UTF-8, use \code{encoding = c("latin1", "UTF-8")}. Left
##'     \code{NULL}, no conversion will be done.
##' @param return.pgi Whether to return a formatted list of insert parameters
##'     (i.e., a \code{pgi} object; see function details.)
##' @param df.geom Character vector, name of a character column in an R data.frame
##'     storing PostGIS geometries, this argument can be used to insert a geometry
##'     stored as character type in a data.frame (do not use with Spatial* data types).
##'     If only the column name is used (e.g., \code{df.geom = "geom"}), 
##'     the column type will be a generic (GEOMETRY); use a two-length character vector 
##'     (e.g., \code{df.geom = c("geom", "(POINT,4326)")} to also specify a 
##'     specific PostGIS geometry type and SRID for the column. Only recommended for
##'     for new tables/overwrites, since this method will change the 
##'     existing column type.
##' @param geog Logical; Whether to write the spatial data as a PostGIS 
##'     'GEOGRAPHY' type. By default, FALSE, unless \code{geom = "geog"}.
##' @author David Bucklin \email{david.bucklin@@gmail.com}
##' @export
##' @return Returns \code{TRUE} if the insertion was successful,
##' \code{FALSE} if failed, or a \code{pgi} object if specified.
##' @importFrom sp CRS
##' @examples
##' \dontrun{
##' library(sp)
##' data(meuse)
##' coords <- SpatialPoints(meuse[, c("x", "y")])
##' spdf <- SpatialPointsDataFrame(coords, meuse)
##'
##' ## Insert data in new database table
##' pgInsert(conn, name = c("public", "meuse_data"), data.obj = spdf)
##'
##' ## The same command will insert into already created table (if all R
##' ## columns match)
##' pgInsert(conn, name = c("public", "meuse_data"), data.obj = spdf)
##'
##' ## If not all database columns match, need to use partial.match = TRUE,
##' ## where non-matching columns are not inserted
##' colnames(spdf@data)[4] <- "cu"
##' pgInsert(conn, name = c("public", "meuse_data"), data.obj = spdf,
##'     partial.match = TRUE)
##' }

pgInsert <- function(conn, name, data.obj, geom = "geom", df.mode = FALSE, partial.match = FALSE, 
                     overwrite = FALSE, new.id = NULL, row.names = FALSE, upsert.using = NULL,
                     alter.names = FALSE, encoding = NULL, return.pgi = FALSE, df.geom = NULL, geog = FALSE) {
  
  # Startup message
  message("This function has been deprecated in version 1.5.0.
          Please use `pgWriteGeom` instead.")
  
  # auto-geog
  if (geom == "geog") geog <- TRUE
  
  if (df.mode) {
    if (!dbExistsTable(conn,name, table.only = TRUE) | overwrite) {
      # set necessary argument values
      partial.match <- FALSE
      new.id <- ".db_pkid"
      row.names <- TRUE
      upsert.using <- NULL
      alter.names <- FALSE
    } else if (!overwrite & dbExistsTable(conn,name, table.only = TRUE)) {
      stop("df.mode = TRUE only allowed for new tables or with overwrite = TRUE.")
    }
  }
  
  dbConnCheck(conn)
  ## Check if PostGIS installed
  if (!suppressMessages(pgPostGIS(conn))) {
    stop("PostGIS is not enabled on this database.")
  }
  ## Check version for upserts
  if (!is.null(upsert.using)) {
    ver<-dbVersion(conn)
    if (ver[1] < 9 | (ver[1] == 9 && ver[2] < 5)) {
      stop("'Upsert' not supported in your PostgreSQL version (",paste(ver,collapse = "."),
           "). Requires version 9.5 or above.")
    }
  }
  # data.obj class
  cls <- class(data.obj)[1]
  if (cls == "pgi") {
    if (is.null(data.obj$in.table)) {
      stop("Table to insert into not specified (in pgi$in.table). Set this and re-run.")
    } else {
      name <- data.obj$in.table
    }
  }
  ## Check for existing table
  exists.t <- dbExistsTable(conn, name, table.only = TRUE)
  if (!exists.t) {
    message("Creating new table...")
    create.table <- name
    force.match <- NULL
  } else if (exists.t & overwrite & !partial.match) {
    create.table <- name
    force.match <- NULL
  } else {
    force.match <- name
    create.table <- NULL
  }
  geo.classes <- c("SpatialPoints", "SpatialPointsDataFrame", 
                   "SpatialLines", "SpatialLinesDataFrame", "SpatialPolygons", 
                   "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame")
  pgi <- NULL
  if (cls %in% geo.classes) {
    if (geog) data.obj <- sp::spTransform(data.obj, CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs", doCheckCRSArgs = FALSE))
    try(suppressMessages(pgSRID(conn, data.obj@proj4string, 
                                create.srid = TRUE, new.srid = NULL)), silent = TRUE)
    try(pgi <- pgInsertizeGeom(data.obj, geom, create.table, 
                               force.match, conn, new.id, row.names, alter.names, partial.match, df.mode, geog))
  } else if (cls == "data.frame") {
    try(pgi <- pgInsertize(data.obj, create.table, force.match, 
                           conn, new.id, row.names, alter.names, partial.match, df.mode))
  } else if (cls == "pgi") {
    pgi <- data.obj
    message("Using previously create pgi object. All arguments except for \"conn\", \"overwrite\", and \"encoding\" will be ignored.")
  } else {
    #dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    stop("Input data object not of correct class - must be a Spatial*, Spatial*DataFrame, or data frame.")
  }
  if (is.null(pgi)) {
    #dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    stop("Table preparation failed. No changes made to database.")
  }
  
  dbExecute(conn, "BEGIN TRANSACTION;")
  ## Change encoding if specified
  if (!is.null(encoding)) {
    pgi$insert.data <- iconv(pgi$insert.data, encoding[1], 
                             encoding[2])
  }
  ## Create table if specified
  if (!is.null(pgi$db.new.table)) {
    if (overwrite & exists.t) {
      over.t <- dbDrop(conn, name = name, type = "table", 
                       ifexists = TRUE)
      if (!over.t) {
        dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
        message("Could not drop existing table. No changes made to database.")
        if (return.pgi) {
          return(pgi)
        } else {
          return(FALSE)
        }
      }
    }
    quet <- NULL
    try({
      for (q in pgi$db.new.table) quet <- dbExecute(conn, q)
    })
    if (is.null(quet)) {
      dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
      message("Table creation failed. No changes made to database.")
      if (return.pgi) {
        return(pgi)
      } else {
        return(FALSE)
      }
    }
  } else if (is.null(pgi$db.new.table) & overwrite) {
    message("No create table definition in pgi object (pgi$db.new.table);
              not dropping existing table...")
  }
  
  ## Set name of table
  name <- pgi$in.table
  nameque <- dbTableNameFix(conn,name)
  # df with geom add column
  if (!is.null(df.geom)) {
    if (alter.names) df.geom[1]<-tolower(gsub("[+-.,!@$%^&*();/|<>]", "_", df.geom[1]))
    if (length(df.geom) == 1) df.geom <- list(df.geom, NULL) else df.geom <- as.list(df.geom)
    try(dbExecute(conn, paste0("ALTER TABLE ", nameque[1], 
                               ".", nameque[2], " ALTER COLUMN ",dbQuoteIdentifier(conn, df.geom[[1]]),
                               " TYPE GEOMETRY",df.geom[[2]],";")))
  }
  # end df.geom
  cols <- pgi$db.cols.insert
  values <- pgi$insert.data
  db.cols <- dbTableInfo(conn, name = name)$column_name
  if (is.null(db.cols)) {
    dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    message(paste0("Database table ", paste(name, collapse = "."), 
                   " not found; No changes made to database."))
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(FALSE)
    }
  }
  test <- match(cols, db.cols)
  unmatched <- cols[is.na(test)]
  if (length(unmatched) > 0) {
    dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    message(paste0("The column(s) (", paste(unmatched, collapse = ","), 
                   ") are not in the database table. No changes made to database."))
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(FALSE)
    }
  }
  #upsert
  up.query<-NULL
  if (is.null(pgi$db.new.table) && !is.null(upsert.using)) {
    excl<-dbQuoteIdentifier(conn,pgi$db.cols.insert[!pgi$db.cols.insert %in% upsert.using])
    excl2<-paste(excl, " = excluded.",excl,sep="")
    excl.q<-paste(excl2,collapse = ", ")
    up<-dbQuoteIdentifier(conn,upsert.using)
    if(length(excl) == length(pgi$db.cols.insert)) {
      message("Upserting using constraint name...")
      up.query<-paste0(" ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT ",paste(up,collapse = ",")," DO UPDATE SET ",
                       excl.q) 
    } else {
      message("Upserting using column name(s)...")
      up.query<-paste0(" ON CONFLICT (",paste(up,collapse = ","),") DO UPDATE SET ",
                       excl.q)
    }
  }
  cols2 <- paste0("(", paste(dbQuoteIdentifier(conn,cols), collapse = ","), ")")
  quei <- NULL
  ## Send insert query
  temp.query<-paste0("INSERT INTO ", nameque[1], 
                     ".", nameque[2], cols2, " VALUES ", values, up.query,";")
  try(quei <- dbExecute(conn, temp.query))
  if (!is.null(quei)) {
    if (df.mode) {suppressMessages(dbAddKey(conn, name, colname = ".db_pkid", type = "primary"))}
    dbExecute(conn, "COMMIT;")
    message(paste0("Data inserted into table ",nameque[1],".",nameque[2]))
    ## Return TRUE
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(TRUE)
    }
  } else {
    dbExecute(conn, "ROLLBACK;")
    message("Insert failed. No changes made to database.")
    if (return.pgi) {
      return(pgi)
    } else {
      return(FALSE)
    }
  }
}