Fingerprints: Waite's data on Patterns in Fingerprints

In HistData: Data Sets from the History of Statistics and Data Visualization

Description

Waite (1915) was interested in analyzing the association of patterns in fingerprints, and produced a table of counts for 2000 right hands, classified by the number of fingers describable as a "whorl", a "small loop" (or neither). Because each hand contributes five fingers, the number of Whorls + Loops cannot exceed 5, so the contingency table is necessarily triangular.

Karl Pearson (1904) introduced the test for independence in contingency tables, and by 1913 had developed methods for "restricted contingency tables," such as the triangular table analyzed by Waite. The general formulation of such tests for association in restricted tables is now referred to as models for quasi-independence.

Usage

data(Fingerprints)

Format

A frequency data frame with 36 observations on the following 3 variables, representing a 6 x 6 table giving the cross-classification of the fingers on 2000 right hands as a whorl, small loop or neither.

Whorls

Number of whorls, an ordered factor with levels 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5

Loops

Number of small loops, an ordered factor with levels 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5

count

Number of hands

Details

Cells for which Whorls + Loops>5 have NA for count

Source

Stigler, S. M. (1999). Statistics on the Table. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, table 19.4.

References

Pearson, K. (1904). Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. XIII. On the theory of contingency and its relation to association and normal correlation. Reprinted in Karl Pearson's Early Statistical Papers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948, 443-475.

Waite, H. (1915). The analysis of fingerprints, Biometrika, 10, 421-478.

Examples

data(Fingerprints)
xtabs(count ~ Whorls + Loops, data=Fingerprints)

Example output

      Loops
Whorls   0   1   2   3   4   5
     0  78 144 204 211 179  45
     1 106 153 126  80  32   0
     2 130  92  55  15   0   0
     3 125  38   7   0   0   0
     4 104  26   0   0   0   0
     5  50   0   0   0   0   0

HistData documentation built on May 2, 2019, 5:15 p.m.