DrinksWages: Elderton and Pearson's (1910) data on drinking and wages

In HistData: Data Sets from the History of Statistics and Data Visualization

Description

In 1910, Karl Pearson weighed in on the debate, fostered by the temperance movement, on the evils done by alcohol not only to drinkers, but to their families. The report "A first study of the influence of parental alcholism on the physique and ability of their offspring" was an ambitious attempt to the new methods of statistics to bear on an important question of social policy, to see if the hypothesis that children were damaged by parental alcoholism would stand up to statistical scrutiny.

Working with his assistant, Ethel M. Elderton, Pearson collected voluminous data in Edinburgh and Manchester on many aspects of health, stature, intelligence, etc. of children classified according to the drinking habits of their parents. His conclusions where almost invariably negative: the tendency of parents to drink appeared unrelated to any thing he had measured.

The firestorm that this report set off is well described by Stigler (1999), Chapter 1. The data set DrinksWages is just one of Pearsons many tables, that he published in a letter to The Times, August 10, 1910.

Usage

data(DrinksWages)

Format

A data frame with 70 observations on the following 6 variables, giving the number of non-drinkers (sober) and drinkers (drinks) in various occupational categories (trade).

class

wage class: a factor with levels A B C

trade

a factor with levels baker barman billposter ... wellsinker wireworker

sober

the number of non-drinkers, a numeric vector

drinks

the number of drinkers, a numeric vector

wage

weekly wage (in shillings), a numeric vector

n

total number, a numeric vector

Details

The data give Karl Pearson's tabulation of the father's trades from an Edinburgh sample, classified by whether they dring or are sober, and giving average weekly wage.

The wages are averages of the individuals' nominal wages. Class A is those with wages under 2.5s.; B: those with wages 2.5s. to 30s.; C: wages over 30s.

Source

Pearson, K. (1910). The Times, August 10, 1910.

Stigler, S. M. (1999). Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods. Harvard University Press, Table 1.1

References

M. E. Elderton & K. Pearson (1910). A first study of the influence of parental alcholism on the physique and ability of their offspring, Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs, 10.

Examples

data(DrinksWages)
plot(DrinksWages) 

# plot proportion sober vs. wage | class
with(DrinksWages, plot(wage, sober/n, col=c("blue","red","green")[class]))

# fit logistic regression model of sober on wage
mod.sober <- glm(cbind(sober, n) ~ wage, family=binomial, data=DrinksWages)
summary(mod.sober)
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(mod.sober)
par(op)

# TODO: plot fitted model

Example output

Call:
glm(formula = cbind(sober, n) ~ wage, family = binomial, data = DrinksWages)

Deviance Residuals: 
    Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  
-2.2720  -0.5235   0.3472   0.5476   1.2329  

Coefficients:
             Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)   
(Intercept) -0.839963   0.323962  -2.593  0.00952 **
wage         0.001862   0.012811   0.145  0.88443   
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

(Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)

    Null deviance: 44.717  on 69  degrees of freedom
Residual deviance: 44.696  on 68  degrees of freedom
AIC: 194.06

Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4

HistData documentation built on May 2, 2019, 5:15 p.m.