Description Usage Arguments Details Value Note Author(s) References See Also Examples
Functions construct rank – abundance or dominance / diversity or Whittaker plots and fit brokenstick, pre-emption, log-Normal, Zipf and Zipf-Mandelbrot models of species abundance.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | ## Default S3 method:
radfit(x, ...)
rad.null(x, family=poisson, ...)
rad.preempt(x, family = poisson, ...)
rad.lognormal(x, family = poisson, ...)
rad.zipf(x, family = poisson, ...)
rad.zipfbrot(x, family = poisson, ...)
## S3 method for class 'radline'
predict(object, newdata, total, ...)
## S3 method for class 'radfit'
plot(x, BIC = FALSE, legend = TRUE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'radfit.frame'
plot(x, order.by, BIC = FALSE, model, legend = TRUE,
as.table = TRUE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'radline'
plot(x, xlab = "Rank", ylab = "Abundance", type = "b", ...)
radlattice(x, BIC = FALSE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'radfit'
lines(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'radfit'
points(x, ...)
as.rad(x)
## S3 method for class 'rad'
plot(x, xlab = "Rank", ylab = "Abundance", log = "y", ...)
|
x |
Data frame, matrix or a vector giving species abundances, or an object to be plotted. |
family |
Error distribution (passed to |
object |
A fitted result object. |
newdata |
Ranks used for ordinations. All models can interpolate to non-integer “ranks” (although this may be approximate), but extrapolation may fail |
total |
The new total used for predicting abundance. Observed total count is used if this is omitted. |
order.by |
A vector used for ordering sites in plots. |
BIC |
Use Bayesian Information Criterion, BIC, instead of Akaike's AIC. The penalty in BIC is k = log(S) where S is the number of species, whereas AIC uses k = 2. |
model |
Show only the specified model. If missing, AIC is used
to select the model. The model names (which can be abbreviated)
are |
legend |
Add legend of line colours. |
as.table |
Arrange panels starting from upper left corner (passed
to |
xlab,ylab |
Labels for |
type |
Type of the plot, |
log |
Use logarithmic scale for given axis. The default
|
... |
Other parameters to functions. |
Rank–Abundance Dominance (RAD) or Dominance/Diversity plots (Whittaker 1965) display logarithmic species abundances against species rank order. These plots are supposed to be effective in analysing types of abundance distributions in communities. These functions fit some of the most popular models mainly following Wilson (1991).
Functions rad.null
, rad.preempt
, rad.lognormal
,
rad.zipf
and zipfbrot
fit the individual models
(described below) for a single vector (row of data frame), and
function radfit
fits all models. The argument of the function
radfit
can be either a vector for a single community or a data
frame where each row represents a distinct community.
Function rad.null
fits a brokenstick model where the expected
abundance of species at rank r is a[r] = J/S sum(from x=r to S) 1/x (Pielou
1975), where J is the total number of individuals (site total)
and S is the total number of species in the community. This
gives a Null model where the individuals are randomly distributed
among observed species, and there are no fitted parameters.
Function rad.preempt
fits the niche preemption model,
a.k.a. geometric series or Motomura model, where the expected
abundance a of species at rank r is a[r] = J*alpha*(1-alpha)^(r-1). The only
estimated parameter is the preemption coefficient α which
gives the decay rate of abundance per rank. The niche preemption
model is a straight line in a RAD plot. Function
rad.lognormal
fits a log-Normal model which assumes that the
logarithmic abundances are distributed Normally, or a[r] = exp(log(mu) + log(sigma) * N),
where N is a Normal deviate. Function rad.zipf
fits
the Zipf model a[r] = J*p1*r^gamma where
p1 is the fitted proportion of the most abundant species,
and γ is a decay coefficient. The Zipf–Mandelbrot model
(rad.zipfbrot
) adds one parameter: a[r] = J*c*(r+beta)^gamma after which p1
of the Zipf model changes into a meaningless scaling constant
c.
Log-Normal and Zipf models are generalized linear models
(glm
) with logarithmic link function. Zipf–Mandelbrot
adds one nonlinear parameter to the Zipf model, and is fitted using
nlm
for the nonlinear parameter and estimating other
parameters and log-Likelihood with glm
. Preemption
model is fitted as a purely nonlinear model. There are no estimated
parameters in the Null model.
The default family
is poisson
which is
appropriate only for genuine counts (integers), but other families
that accept link = "log"
can be used. Families
Gamma
or gaussian
may be appropriate for
abundance data, such as cover. The “best” model is selected by
AIC
. Therefore “quasi” families such as
quasipoisson
cannot be used: they do not have
AIC
nor log-Likelihood needed in non-linear models.
All these functions have their own plot
functions. When
radfit
was applied for a data frame, plot
uses
Lattice
graphics, and other plot
functions use ordinary graphics. The ordinary graphics functions
return invisibly an ordiplot
object for observed points,
and function identify.ordiplot
can be used to label
selected species. Alternatively, radlattice
uses
Lattice
graphics to display each radfit
model of a single site in a separate panel together with their AIC or
BIC values.
Function as.rad
is a base function to construct ordered RAD
data. Its plot
is used by other RAD plot
functions
which pass extra arguments (such as xlab
and log
) to
this function.
Functions rad.null
, rad.preempt
, rad.lognormal
,
zipf
and zipfbrot
fit each a single RAD model to a
single site. The result object has class "radline"
and
inherits from glm
, and can be handled by some (but not
all) glm
methods.
Function radfit
fits all models either to a single site or to
all rows of a data frame or a matrix. When fitted to a single site,
the function returns an object of class "radfit"
with items
y
(observed values), family
, and models
which is a list of fitted "radline"
models. When applied for a
data frame or matrix, radfit
function returns an object of
class "radfit.frame"
which is a list of "radfit"
objects, each item names by the corresponding row name.
All result objects ("radline"
, "radfit"
,
"radfit.frame"
) can be accessed with same method functions.
The following methods are available: AIC
,
coef
, deviance
, logLik
. In
addition the fit results can be accessed with fitted
,
predict
and residuals
(inheriting from
residuals.glm
). The graphical functions were discussed
above in Details.
The RAD models are usually fitted for proportions instead of original
abundances. However, nothing in these models seems to require division
of abundances by site totals, and original observations are used in
these functions. If you wish to use proportions, you must standardize
your data by site totals, e.g. with decostand
and use
appropriate family
such as Gamma
.
The lognormal model is fitted in a standard way, but I do think this is not quite correct – at least it is not equivalent to fitting Normal density to log abundances like originally suggested (Preston 1948).
Some models may fail. In particular, estimation of the Zipf-Mandelbrot
model is difficult. If the fitting fails, NA
is returned.
Wilson (1991) defined preemption model as a[r] = J*p1*(1 - alpha)^(r-1), where p1 is the fitted proportion of the first species. However, parameter p1 is completely defined by α since the fitted proportions must add to one, and therefore I handle preemption as a one-parameter model.
Veiled log-Normal model was included in earlier releases of this
function, but it was removed because it was flawed: an implicit veil
line also appears in the ordinary log-Normal. The latest release version
with rad.veil
was 1.6-10
.
Jari Oksanen
Pielou, E.C. (1975) Ecological Diversity. Wiley & Sons.
Preston, F.W. (1948) The commonness and rarity of species. Ecology 29, 254–283.
Whittaker, R. H. (1965) Dominance and diversity in plant communities. Science 147, 250–260.
Wilson, J. B. (1991) Methods for fitting dominance/diversity curves. Journal of Vegetation Science 2, 35–46.
fisherfit
and prestonfit
.
An alternative approach is to use
qqnorm
or qqplot
with any distribution.
For controlling graphics: Lattice
,
xyplot
, lset
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | data(BCI)
mod <- rad.lognormal(BCI[5,])
mod
plot(mod)
mod <- radfit(BCI[1,])
## Standard plot overlaid for all models
## Pre-emption model is a line
plot(mod)
## log for both axes: Zipf model is a line
plot(mod, log = "xy")
## Lattice graphics separately for each model
radlattice(mod)
# Take a subset of BCI to save time and nerves
mod <- radfit(BCI[3:5,])
mod
plot(mod, pch=".")
|
Loading required package: permute
Loading required package: lattice
This is vegan 2.4-4
RAD model: Log-Normal
Family: poisson
No. of species: 101
Total abundance: 505
log.mu log.sigma Deviance AIC BIC
0.951926 1.165929 17.077549 317.656487 322.886728
Deviance for RAD models:
3 4 5
Null 86.1127 49.8111 80.855
Preemption 58.9295 39.7817 76.311
Lognormal 29.2719 16.6588 17.078
Zipf 50.1262 47.9108 30.936
Mandelbrot 5.7342 5.5665 10.573
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