forrest_classification: Forrest Classification for Upper GI Bleeding

In cliot: Clinical Indices and Outcomes Tools

Forrest Classification for Upper GI Bleeding

Description

Retrieves the Forrest Classification, associated rebleeding risk, and management recommendations for patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage based on endoscopic findings. This system is used to stratify high-risk lesions requiring endoscopic intervention from low-risk lesions suitable for standard medical therapy or early discharge.

Usage

forrest_classification(endoscopic_finding)

Arguments

endoscopic_finding

String. The specific finding observed during endoscopy. Options: "spurting_hemorrhage" (Active pulsatile bleeding). "oozing_hemorrhage" (Active non-pulsatile bleeding). "visible_vessel" (Non-bleeding visible vessel). "adherent_clot" (Adherent clot). "flat_pigmented_spot" (Flat pigmented spot/hematin). "clean_base" (Clean ulcer base).

Value

A list containing:

Forrest_Class	The classification grade (Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIc, or III).
Risk_of_Rebleeding	Estimated probability of rebleeding if untreated.
Mortality_Risk	Estimated mortality risk.
Management_Recommendation	Guidance on the need for endoscopic hemostasis.

References

Forrest JA, Finlayson ND, Shearman DJ. Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet. 1974;2(7877):394-397. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91770-x

Examples

# Example 1: High Risk
# Active spurting bleeding
forrest_classification("spurting_hemorrhage")

# Example 2: Low Risk
# Clean ulcer base
forrest_classification("clean_base")

cliot documentation built on Dec. 1, 2025, 1:06 a.m.