galad_score_hcc: GALAD Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

In cliot: Clinical Indices and Outcomes Tools

GALAD Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Description

Calculates the GALAD score (Gender, Age, AFP-L3, AFP, DCP) to estimate the probability of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic liver disease. This serum biomarker-based model demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for detecting early-stage HCC, often outperforming AFP alone.

Usage

galad_score_hcc(sex, age, afp, afp_l3, dcp)

Arguments

sex	String. Patient sex ("Male" or "Female"). (Male adds 1.67 to the Z-score).
age	Numeric. Patient age in years.
afp	Numeric. Alpha-fetoprotein level in ng/mL.
afp_l3	Numeric. Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP in percentage (%).
dcp	Numeric. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin level in ng/mL.

Value

A list containing:

GALAD_Score_Z	The linear predictor score (Z).
Probability_HCC	The estimated probability of having HCC.
Risk_Category	Assessment based on standard cutoffs (e.g., Z > -0.63 suggests higher risk).

References

Johnson PJ, Pirrie SJ, Cox TF, et al. The detection of hepatocellular carcinoma using a prospectively developed and validated model based on serological biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(1):144-153. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0870

Examples

# Example 1: High Risk
# 65yo Male, AFP 10 ng/mL, AFP-L3 5%, DCP 20 ng/mL
# Z-score approx 1.3 -> High Probability (~79%)
galad_score_hcc("male", 65, 10, 5, 20)

# Example 2: Low Risk
# 40yo Female, AFP 3 ng/mL, AFP-L3 1%, DCP 5 ng/mL
# Z-score approx -4.5 -> Low Probability (<2%)
galad_score_hcc("female", 40, 3, 1, 5)

cliot documentation built on Dec. 1, 2025, 1:06 a.m.