GeoHiSSE.old: Original Hidden Geographic State Speciation and Extinction

In hisse: Hidden State Speciation and Extinction

Original Hidden Geographic State Speciation and Extinction

Description

Sets up and executes the original GeoHiSSE model (Hidden Geographic State Speciation and Extinction) on a phylogeny and character distribution.

Usage

GeoHiSSE.old(phy, data, f=c(1,1,1), speciation=c(1,2,3), extirpation=c(1,2), 
hidden.areas=FALSE, trans.rate=NULL, assume.cladogenetic=TRUE, 
condition.on.survival=TRUE, root.type="madfitz", root.p=NULL, sann=TRUE,
sann.its=1000, bounded.search=TRUE,  max.tol=.Machine$double.eps^.50,
mag.san.start=0.5, starting.vals=NULL, speciation.upper=1000, extirpation.upper=1000, 
trans.upper=100, ode.eps=0)

Arguments

phy	a phylogenetic tree, in ape “phylo” format and with internal nodes labeled denoting the ancestral selective regimes.
data	a matrix (or dataframe) with two columns containing species information. First column has the species names and second column has area codes. Values for the areas need to be 0, 1, or 2, where 0 is the widespread area '01', 1 is endemic area '0' and 2 is endemic area '1'. See 'Details'.
f	vector of length 3 with the estimated proportion of extant species in state 1 (area '0'), state 2 (area '1'), and state 0 (widespread area '01') that are included in the phylogeny. A value of c(0.25, 0.25, 0.5) means that 25 percent of species in areas '0' and '1' and 50 percent of species in area '01' are included in the phylogeny. By default all species are assumed to be sampled.
speciation	a numeric vector of length equal to 3+(number of hidden.areas * 3). A GeoSSE model has 3 speciation parameters: s0, s1 and s01. A GeoHiSSE model with one hidden area has 6 speciation parameters: s0A, s1A, s01A, s0B, s1B, s01B. And so on. The length of the numeric vector needs to match the number of speciation parameters in the model. See 'Details'.
extirpation	a numeric vector of length equal to 2+(number of hidden.areas * 2). A GeoSSE model has 2 extirpation parameters: x0 and x1. A GeoHiSSE model with one hidden area has 4 extirpation parameters: x0A, x1A, x0B, and x1B. And so on. The length of the numeric vector needs to match the number of extirpation parameters in the model. See 'Details'.
hidden.areas	a logical indicating whether the model includes a hidden area. The default is FALSE.
trans.rate	provides the transition rate model. See function TransMatMakerGeoHiSSE.old.
assume.cladogenetic	assumes that cladogenetic events occur at nodes. The default is TRUE.
condition.on.survival	a logical indicating whether the likelihood should be conditioned on the survival of two lineages and the speciation event subtending them (Nee et al. 1994). The default is TRUE.
root.type	indicates whether root summarization follow the procedure described by FitzJohn et al. 2009, “madfitz” or Herrera-Alsina et al. 2018, “herr_als”.
root.p	a vector indicating fixed root state probabilities. The default is NULL. Order of the areas in the vector need to follow: root.p[1] = 1 (endemic area '0'); root.p[2] = 2 (endemic area '1'); root.p[3] = 0 (widespread area '01').
sann	a logical indicating whether a two-step optimization procedure is to be used. The first includes a simulate annealing approach, with the second involving a refinement using subplex. The default is TRUE.
sann.its	a numeric indicating the number of times the simulated annealing algorithm should call the objective function.
bounded.search	a logical indicating whether or not bounds should be enforced during optimization. The default is is TRUE.
max.tol	supplies the relative optimization tolerance to subplex.
mag.san.start	Sets the extinction fraction to estimate the starting values for the diversification parameters. The equation used is based on Magallon and Sanderson (2001), and follows the procedure used in the original GeoSSE implementation.
starting.vals	a numeric vector of length 3 with starting values for the model for all areas and hidden states. Position [1] sets turnover, [2] sets extinction fraction, and [3] dispersal rates.
speciation.upper	sets the upper bound for the speciation parameters.
extirpation.upper	sets the upper bound for the extirpation parameters.
trans.upper	sets the upper bound for the transition rate parameters.
ode.eps	sets the tolerance for the integration at the end of a branch. Essentially if the sum of compD is less than this tolerance, then it assumes the results are unstable and discards them. The default is set to zero, but in testing a value of 1e-8 can sometimes produce stable solutions for both easy and very difficult optimization problems.

Details

This function sets up and executes the original GeoHiSSE model. The model closely follows diversitree, although here we employ modified optimization procedures. As for data file format, GeoHiSSE expects a two column matrix or data frame, with the first column containing the species names and the second containing the are information. The area information need to be in the format of three numbers: 0 for area '01', 1 for area '0', and 2 for '1'. Please note that the code for the areas here differ from the make.geosse function of package diversitree. The order of the data file and the names in the “phylo” object need not be in the same order; hisse deals with this internally. Also, the character information MUST be 0, 1, or 2, otherwise, the function will return an error message.

To setup a model, users input vectors containing values to indicate how many free parameters are to be estimated for each of the variables in the model. This is done using the speciation and extirpation parameters. One needs to specify a value for each of the parameters of the model, when two parameters show the same value, then the parameters are set to be linked during the estimation of the model. For example, a GeoHiSSE model with 1 hidden area and all free parameters has speciation = 1:6. The same model with speciation rates constrained to be the same for all hidden areas has speciation = c(1,2,3,1,2,3). This same format applies to extirpation. Please note that GeoHiSSE currently works with up to 4 hidden areas. The most complex model would be speciation = 1:15 and extirpation = 1:10.

Once the model is specified, the parameters can be estimated using the subplex routine (default), or use a two-step process (i.e., sann=TRUE) that first employs a stochastic simulated annealing procedure, which is later refined using the subplex routine.

The “trans.rate” input is the transition model and has an entirely different setup than speciation and extirpation rates. See TransMatMakerGeoHiSSE.old function for more details.

For user-specified “root.p”, you should specify the probability for each area. If you are doing a hidden model, there will be six areas: 0A, 1A, 01A, 0B, 1B, 01B. So if you wanted to say the root had to be in area 0 (widespread distribution), you would specify “root.p = c(0.5, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, 0)”. In other words, the root has a 50% chance to be in one of the areas 0A or 0B.

For the “root.type” option, we are currently maintaining the previous default of “madfitz”. However, it was recently pointed out by Herrera-Alsina et al. (2018) that at the root, the individual likelihoods for each possible state should be conditioned prior to averaging the individual likelihoods across states. This can be set doing “herr_als”. It is unclear to us which is exactly correct, but it does seem that both “madfitz” and “herr_als” behave exactly as they should in the case of character-independent diversification (i.e., reduces to likelihood of tree + likelihood of trait model). We've also tested the behavior and the likelihood differences are very subtle and the parameter estimates in simulation are nearly indistinguishable from the “madfitz” conditioning scheme. We provide both options and encourage users to try both and let us know conditions in which the result vary dramatically under the two root implementations. We suspect they do not.

Also, note, that in the case of “root.type=user” and “root.type=equal” are no longer explicit “root.type” options. Instead, either “madfitz” or “herr_als” are specified and the “root.p” can be set to allow for custom root options.

Value

GeoHiSSE returns an object of class geohisse.fit. This is a list with elements:

$loglik	the maximum negative log-likelihood.
$AIC	Akaike information criterion.
$AICc	Akaike information criterion corrected for sample-size.
$solution	a matrix containing the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters.
$index.par	an index matrix of the parameters being estimated.
$f	user-supplied sampling frequencies.
$hidden.areas	a logical indicating whether hidden areas were included in the model.
$assume.cladogenetic	a logical indicating whether cladogenetic events were allowed at nodes.
$condition.on.surivival	a logical indicating whether the likelihood was conditioned on the survival of two lineages and the speciation event subtending them.
$root.type	indicates the user-specified root prior assumption.
$root.p	indicates whether the user-specified fixed root probabilities.
$timeslice	indicates whether the user-specified timeslice that split the tree.
$phy	user-supplied tree
$data	user-supplied dataset
$trans.matrix	the user-supplied transition matrix
$max.tol	relative optimization tolerance.
$starting.vals	The starting values for the optimization.
$upper.bounds	the vector of upper limits to the optimization search.
$lower.bounds	the vector of lower limits to the optimization search.
$ode.eps	The ode.eps value used for the estimation.

Author(s)

Jeremy M. Beaulieu

References

Caetano, D.S., B.C. O'Meara, and J.M. Beaulieu. 2018. Hidden state models improve state-dependent diversification approaches, including biogeographic models. Evolution, 72:2308-2324.

Beaulieu, J.M, and B.C. O'Meara. 2016. Detecting hidden diversification shifts in models of trait-dependent speciation and extinction. Syst. Biol. 65:583-601.

FitzJohn R.G., W.P. Maddison, and S.P. Otto. 2009. Estimating trait-dependent speciation and extinction rates from incompletely resolved phylogenies. Syst. Biol. 58:595-611.

Goldberg, E. E., L. T. Lancaster, and R. H. Ree. 2011. Phylogenetic Inference of Reciprocal Effects between Geographic Range Evolution and Diversification. Syst. Biol. 60:451-465.

Maddison W.P., P.E. Midford, and S.P. Otto. 2007. Estimating a binary characters effect on speciation and extinction. Syst. Biol. 56:701-710.

Nee S., R.M. May, and P.H. Harvey. 1994. The reconstructed evolutionary process. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 344:305-311.

hisse documentation built on Feb. 16, 2023, 10:26 p.m.