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#' The maximum contrast method by using the randomized quasi-Monte Carlo method
#'
#' This function gives \eqn{P}-value for the maximum contrast statistics by using
#' randomized quasi-Monte Carlo method from \code{\link[mvtnorm:pmvt]{pmvt}}
#' function of package \code{mvtnorm}.
#'
#' \code{\link{mcm.mvt}} performs the maximum contrast method that is detecting
#' a true response pattern.
#'
#' \eqn{Y_{ij} (i=1, 2, \ldots; j=1, 2, \ldots, n_i)}{Y_ij (i = 1, 2, ...;
#' j = 1, 2, ..., n_i)} is an observed response for \eqn{j}-th individual in
#' \eqn{i}-th group.
#'
#' \eqn{\bm{C}}{C} is coefficient matrix for the maximum contrast statistics
#' (\eqn{i \times k}{i x k} matrix, \eqn{i}: No. of groups, \eqn{k}: No. of pattern).
#' \deqn{
#' \bm{C}=(\bm{c}_1, \bm{c}_2, \ldots, \bm{c}_k)^{\rm{T}}
#' }{
#' C = (c_1, c_2, ..., c_k)^T
#' }
#' \eqn{\bm{c}_k}{c_k} is coefficient vector of \eqn{k}th pattern.
#' \deqn{
#' \bm{c}_k=(c_{k1}, c_{k2}, \ldots, c_{ki})^{\rm{T}} \qquad (\textstyle \sum_i c_{ki}=0)
#' }{
#' c_k = (c_k1, c_k2, ..., c_ki)^{\rm{T}} (sum from i of c_ki = 0)
#' }
#'
#' \eqn{T_{\max}}{T_max} is the maximum contrast statistic.
#' \deqn{
#' \bar{Y}_i=\frac{\sum_{j=1}^{n_i} Y_{ij}}{n_{i}},
#' \bar{\bm{Y}}=(\bar{Y}_1, \bar{Y}_2, \ldots, \bar{Y}_i, \ldots, \bar{Y}_a)^{\rm{T}},
#' }{
#' Ybar_i = (sum from j of Y_ij) / n_i,
#' Ybar = (Ybar_1 Ybar_2 ... Ybar_i ... Ybar_a)^T (a x 1 vector),
#' }
#' \deqn{
#' \bm{D}=diag(n_1, n_2, \ldots, n_i, \ldots, n_a),
#' V=\frac{1}{\gamma}\sum_{j=1}^{n_i}\sum_{i=1}^{a} (Y_{ij}-\bar{Y}_i)^2,
#' }{
#' D = diag(n_1, n_2, ..., n_i, ..., n_a) (a x a matrix),
#' V = 1/gamma * sum_{j=1}^{n_i} sum_{i=1}^{a} (Y_ij-Ybar_i)^2,
#' }
#' \deqn{
#' \gamma=\sum_{i=1}^{a} (n_i-1),
#' T_{k}=\frac{\bm{c}^t_k \bar{\bm{Y}}}{\sqrt{V\bm{c}^t_k \bm{D} \bm{c}_k}},
#' }{
#' gamma = sum_{i=1}^{a} (n_i-1),
#' T_k = c_k^t Ybar / (V c_k^t D c_k)^(1/2),
#' }
#' \deqn{
#' T_{\max}=\max(T_1, T_2, \ldots, T_k).
#' }{
#' T_max = max(T_1, T_2, ..., T_k).
#' }
#'
#' Consider testing the overall null hypothesis \eqn{H_0: \mu_1=\mu_2=\ldots=\mu_i},
#' versus alternative hypotheses \eqn{H_1} for response petterns
#' (\eqn{H_1: \mu_1<\mu_2<\ldots<\mu_i,~ \mu_1=\mu_2<\ldots<\mu_i,~
#' \mu_1<\mu_2<\ldots=\mu_i}).
#' The \eqn{P}-value for the probability distribution of \eqn{T_{\max}}{T_max}
#' under the overall null hypothesis is
#' \deqn{
#' P\mbox{-value}=\Pr(T_{\max}>t_{\max} \mid H_0)
#' }{
#' P-value = Pr(T_max > t_max | H0)
#' }
#' \eqn{t_{\max}}{t_max} is observed value of statistics.
#' This function gives distribution of \eqn{T_{\max}}{T_max} by using randomized
#' quasi-Monte Carlo method from package \code{mvtnorm}.
#'
#' @param x a numeric vector of data values
#' @param g a integer vector giving the group for the corresponding elements of x
#' @param contrast a numeric contrast coefficient matrix for the maximum contrast
#' statistics
#' @param alternative a character string specifying the alternative hypothesis,
#' must be one of "two.sided" (default), "greater" or "less". You can specify
#' just the initial letter.
#' @param algorithm an object of class \code{\link[mvtnorm:algorithms]{GenzBretz}}
#' defining the hyper parameters of this algorithm
#' @return
#' \item{statistic}{the value of the test statistic with a name describing it.}
#' \item{p.value}{the p-value for the test.}
#' \item{alternative}{a character string describing the alternative hypothesis.}
#' \item{method}{the type of test applied.}
#' \item{contrast}{a character string giving the names of the data.}
#' \item{contrast.index}{a suffix of coefficient vector of the \eqn{k}th pattern
#' that gives maximum contrast statistics (row number of the coefficient matrix).}
#' \item{error}{estimated absolute error and,}
#' \item{msg}{status messages.}
#' @references
#' Yoshimura, I., Wakana, A., Hamada, C. (1997).
#' A performance comparison of maximum contrast methods to detect dose dependency.
#' \emph{Drug Information J.} \strong{31}: 423--432.
#' @seealso
#' \code{\link[mvtnorm:pmvt]{pmvt}},
#' \code{\link[mvtnorm:algorithms]{GenzBretz}},
#' \code{\link{mmcm.mvt}}
#' @examples
#' ## Example 1 ##
#' # true response pattern: dominant model c=(1, 1, -2)
#' set.seed(136885)
#' x <- c(
#' rnorm(130, mean = 1 / 6, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 90, mean = 1 / 6, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 10, mean = -2 / 6, sd = 1)
#' )
#' g <- rep(1:3, c(130, 90, 10))
#' boxplot(
#' x ~ g,
#' width = c(length(g[g==1]), length(g[g==2]), length(g[g==3])),
#' main = "Dominant model (sample data)",
#' xlab = "Genotype",
#' ylab = "PK parameter"
#' )
#'
#' # coefficient matrix
#' # c_1: additive, c_2: recessive, c_3: dominant
#' contrast <- rbind(
#' c(-1, 0, 1), c(-2, 1, 1), c(-1, -1, 2)
#' )
#' y <- mcm.mvt(x, g, contrast)
#' y
#'
#' ## Example 2 ##
#' # for dataframe
#' # true response pattern:
#' # pos = 1 dominant model c=( 1, 1, -2)
#' # 2 additive model c=(-1, 0, 1)
#' # 3 recessive model c=( 2, -1, -1)
#' set.seed(3872435)
#' x <- c(
#' rnorm(130, mean = 1 / 6, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 90, mean = 1 / 6, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 10, mean = -2 / 6, sd = 1),
#' rnorm(130, mean = -1 / 4, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 90, mean = 0 / 4, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 10, mean = 1 / 4, sd = 1),
#' rnorm(130, mean = 2 / 6, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 90, mean = -1 / 6, sd = 1),
#' rnorm( 10, mean = -1 / 6, sd = 1)
#' )
#' g <- rep(rep(1:3, c(130, 90, 10)), 3)
#' pos <- rep(c("rsXXXX", "rsYYYY", "rsZZZZ"), each=230)
#' xx <- data.frame(pos = pos, x = x, g = g)
#'
#' # coefficient matrix
#' # c_1: additive, c_2: recessive, c_3: dominant
#' contrast <- rbind(
#' c(-1, 0, 1), c(-2, 1, 1), c(-1, -1, 2)
#' )
#' y <- by(xx, xx$pos, function(x) mmcm.mvt(x$x, x$g,
#' contrast))
#' y <- do.call(rbind, y)[,c(3,7,9)]
#' # miss-detection!
#' y
#' @keywords htest
#' @importFrom stats var
#' @importFrom mvtnorm pmvt
#' @export
mcm.mvt <- function(x, g, contrast, alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"), algorithm = GenzBretz()) {
####################
# executable check
####################
alternative <- match.arg(alternative)
DNAMEX <- deparse(substitute(x))
DNAMEG <- deparse(substitute(g))
DNAMEC <- deparse(substitute(contrast))
DNAME <- paste("'", DNAMEX, "' by group '", DNAMEG,
"' with contrast coefficient matrix '",
DNAMEC, "'", sep="")
if (!is.numeric(x)) {
stop(paste(DNAMEX, "must be numeric"))
}
if (!is.numeric(g)) {
stop(paste(DNAMEG, "must be numeric"))
}
if (!is.matrix(contrast)) {
stop(paste(DNAMEC, "must be a matrix"))
}
x <- x[is.finite(x)]
g <- g[is.finite(g)]
if (length(x) < 1L) {
stop(paste("not enough (finite) ", DNAMEX, "observations"))
}
if (length(x) != length(g)) {
stop(paste(DNAME, "and", DNAMEG, "must have the same length"))
}
if (length(unique(g)) != ncol(contrast)) {
stop(paste("nrow(", DNAMEC, ") and length(unique(", DNAMEG,
")) must have the same length", sep=""))
}
if (length((1:nrow(contrast))[apply(contrast, 1, sum) != rep(0, nrow(contrast))]) != 0) {
stop("sum of contrast vector element must be 0\n")
}
####################
# execute mmcm
####################
METHOD <- "Maximum contrast method"
p <- length(unique(g))
m <- nrow(contrast)
df <- length(g) - p
pooled <- (tapply(x, g, length) - 1) * tapply(x, g, var)
pooled <- t(rep(1, p)) %*% pooled / df
D <- diag(1 / as.vector(tapply(x, g, length)))
CDC <- contrast %*% D %*% t(contrast)
if (m == 1) {
SQRTCDCINV <- 1/sqrt(CDC)
Rt <- SQRTCDCINV^2 * CDC
} else {
SQRTCDCINV <- diag(1/sqrt(diag(CDC)))
Rt <- SQRTCDCINV %*% CDC %*% SQRTCDCINV
}
STATISTICS <- switch(
alternative,
less = (contrast %*% tapply(x, g, mean) / sqrt(diag(CDC))) /
(rep(1, m) %*% sqrt(pooled)),
greater = (contrast %*% tapply(x, g, mean) / sqrt(diag(CDC))) /
(rep(1, m) %*% sqrt(pooled)),
two.sided = abs(contrast %*% tapply(x, g, mean) / sqrt(diag(CDC))) /
(rep(1, m) %*% sqrt(pooled))
)
STATISTIC <- switch(
alternative,
less = min(STATISTICS),
greater = max(STATISTICS),
two.sided = max(STATISTICS)
)
IMAXCONT <- (1:m)[STATISTICS==STATISTIC]
NMAXCONT <- contrast[IMAXCONT,]
PVAL <- switch(
alternative,
less = 1 - pmvt(lower = rep(STATISTIC, m), upper = rep(Inf, m),
df = df, sigma = Rt, algorithm = algorithm),
greater = 1 - pmvt(lower = rep(-Inf, m), upper = rep(STATISTIC, m),
df = df, sigma = Rt, algorithm = algorithm),
two.sided = 1 - pmvt(lower = rep(-STATISTIC, m), upper = rep(STATISTIC, m),
df = df, sigma = Rt, algorithm = algorithm)
)
ERROR <- attr(PVAL, "error")
MSG <- attr(PVAL, "msg")
if (length((1:m)[STATISTICS==STATISTIC]) != 1) {
MAXCONT <- warning("More than 2 contrast coefficient vectors were selected")
} else {
MAXCONT <- "("
for(i in 1:p) {
if (i==p) {
MAXCONT <- paste(MAXCONT, NMAXCONT[i], ")", sep="")
} else {
MAXCONT <- paste(MAXCONT, NMAXCONT[i], ", ", sep="")
}
}
}
names(STATISTIC) <- "Maximum contrast statistic"
names(IMAXCONT) <- "index"
names(MAXCONT) <- "Maximum contrast coefficient vector"
names(ERROR) <- "Estimated absolute error of P-value"
names(MSG) <- "Status messages of P-value calculation"
RVAL <- structure(list(
statistic = STATISTIC,
parameter = NULL,
p.value = as.numeric(PVAL),
alternative = alternative,
method = METHOD,
data.name = DNAME,
contrast = MAXCONT,
contrast.index = IMAXCONT,
error = ERROR,
msg = MSG),
class = "mmcm"
)
return(RVAL)
}
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